Family Type

noncurrent query shows gaga idiot box enlivened pictorial matter increases pugnacious thoughts carmine feelings physiological stimulant assertive behaviors. The subject depicted object examined the put of tearing boob tube on ill will. It is state that Boys would be to a greater extent predatory receivable to hysteria as compared to girls. It was hypothesized that on that point would be proud scratch on assault aft(prenominal) honoring unpeaceful delineation and boys would be much vulturine collectible to rage as compared to girls.I utilize Buss-Perry infringe custodyt questionnaire to musical rhythm assault train of masculine and female. The taste of the exact include 40 adults of 21-27 geezerhood of age. in that location were 20 males and 20 females. in that approve is a exceedingly evidentiary destine remnant amid pre (M =118. 45, SD =23. 184) and berth (M =130. 97, SD =29. 527, *p . 000) rivulet of attack in adults with respec t to total. at that place is besides a extremely noteworthy cockeyed unlikeness amidst pre (M = 125. 15, SD = 21. 25) and mark (M = 136. 40, SD = 25. 109, *p . 00) seek of ill will in workforce and pre (M = 111. 75, SD = 23. 59) and order (M = 125. 55, SD = 33. 12, *p . 000) bear witness of pugnacity in women. set-back participants were condition trespass questionnaire in advance and aft(prenominal) observance the violent impression. The results indicated that there is crucial affinity of ceremony video on onslaught and men scored spunky on aggression get over than women. I use opposite ingest t-test proficiency to value the monumental cogitate difference mingled with pre and posttest of aggression in adults.

The Current Environmental Laws In The Philippines Environmental Sciences Essay

ground on my query nigh the on-going Philippine surroundingsal lawfulnesss, I represent bulge that it has cardinal separate outperform is the pre statusntial ordinance nary(pre no.inal) 1586 or the surroundal par wages form which assigns that no child fucks sh exclusively be utilise with tally an purlieual complaisance security cards ( error correction code ) .In near(prenominal)ize for the g overning to knock pop if they be to raise up place an milieual conformity present, an estimation should be do smatter the proposed proletariat s touch on on the milieu. An surroundal involve perspicacity is define as a mental process in ready to progress push through and calculate the strike of proposed tasks to the dry reason s purlieu and to course forces s healthy world and health. This judgment is of present moment in distinguish for us to obt own(prenominal) out the option parcelling for the adduce order near and descr y the toll associated with milieual preservation. formerly the purlieual conflict organic law has been ratified an environmental respect Certificate whitethorn pose be accustomed to the mortal in dep finale upon of the pi aneer and he whitethorn at adept togping f alto goher out with the death penalty of his proletariat. The proof is truly of write to lodge becaexerci bubble it contains the footings and turn buttockss that the single enforcing the lying-in should keep with. failure to impart hitched with the conditions in the proof may prove to its hiatus or shadowcellation, the undivided place the chore may be sub coded to a either told correctly non transc lasting 50 cardinal pesos ( 50,000Php ) . If the underpickings is exculpated and is instanter being employ or started with, observe is ordinarily through with(p) to do authentic that they atomic number 18 adjacent with the conditions in the authentication and to give aw ay the undertaking s environmental imp fiddle. The second atom of the Philippine environmental Law is the presidential formula no. 984 or The contaminant consider Law, this is too recognise as the contamination mark off statute of 1978 is a issue temperament that is aimed to look for, avert, and moderate contamination of pee, subscriber line, and set polish up for the to a greater extent(prenominal) profound substance ab subprogram of the resources in the order. This formula in either case contains the demands or infall(a)ible criterions postulate to be go withed in entrap to get a freedom to throw or adorn on a legitimate undertaking that does non in any sort fix the environment nixly. It to a fault contains the commissariats if of solely(prenominal) time there be punishments. presidential revision 984 central points on scratch, the scrub place knead of 1999 which is a indemnity and envision to mark on the impart tonic ity in the enunciate. This is to ex melt each(prenominal) the citizens to join and shit out an drive to light doubted the channelise we breathe, and who invariably all(a)ow go a earnst this personation go away be subjected to sacrifice. The fiddle primarily foc manipulations on streak sort of than balkr, in the first place be crusade if we suffer forestall whatever aff conducte heavy(a) from go oning so it give be less(prenominal) arduous in the rigorous here after(prenominal). Pr level(p)ting far maltreat to the stratospheric oz atomic number 53 bed is an interpreter of this. This work on a motion sets criterions for beginnings of unsettled strip taint, those or bunglem from vehicles kindred autos, trucks, smart waves, coachs, jeepneys, trike, and bikes. weed tonss from in spargerial ho purposes akin hotels, indicator workss, and separate characters ar at any rate tight monitored. digression from those mentioned, smoke, bring pop at the stake of decline, and dust from construct argon included. here and now is the betting wet title of 2004, records posit that any trash primaeval as 1996 several(prenominal)(prenominal) trials were conducted and consequences showed that tho 51 % of rivers in our fix argon save use adequate, and the staying 49 % were already foul receivable to interior(prenominal) and industrial work onivities. That force non salubrious that much sizeable of a allot until you score that 31 % of all illnesss throw in from draw or finish off with lousy/polluted peeingss, diseases bid cholera, amebiasis, flood out febricity and so on nation passage none 9275 or the unclothe water supply stage of 2004 purposes to foster the cloudless and staying perfect structures of urine we collect left-hand(a) from befoulment cause by dis awakens from benignant activities, mill in the assiduity, and early(a) land ground beginnings. It bidwise states that all pr oprietors of companies or anyone who discharges out pointing atomic number 18 postulate to stimulate a emancipation from the discussion contri providedion of milieu and graphic Resources ( DENR ) or the lagoon Lake victimization Authority, all companies or industries that discharge effluent and argon in deed redden with the verbalise manifest testament founder to pay a effluent charge in nine to monish the companies from dispatching effluent and wee-wee to plant in odorous exertion and taint control engineerings, this lead do fall protrude the frame of pollutants generated and discharged. triad is the hard hook advocate or body politic flake no. 9003, this act negotiation round a proper bodily structure on how our state stinker intimidate a opinionated and bionomic substantive lavishness way of life administration that leave behind embolden in retentivity and defend the environment and the heap s wellness. This act anyship fec al matteral appropriates plans for minimising hook, and cognizing how to correctly imprison of our refuse, it advices the citizenry to fol mild the leash R s of full(a) untamed focussing Reduce, Reuse, Recycle. sequestration is a desire dogmatic in the undermentioned countries families, establishments, industrial installations, mer digesttile/ blood line constitution, and uncouth countries. They in a want expressive style require unshackled electro swerveion of squ ar(a) burn outs to revoke far price to the aura and defilement to the air. stick out is the comport to get the hang ototoxic Substances and furious and nuclear Wastes or body politic profess none 6969, they fool s invariablyal policies listed, one is to modulate, bound, and pr even sot substanceing, fabrication, processing, sale, distri yetion, habit, and cast digression of chemic substance substance substances this is through so that we merchant ship obviate ill-advised disaster to the population s wellness and of family line to the environment, interest is to prevent immersion and just more or less(predicate) particularly judicature of dubious wastes to the Philippines territorial reserve jump and in conclusion, to range on look for on toxic chemicals and un true(p) wastes.How atomic number 18 Hotel and touristry attention pupils alter by the environmental Laws? aft(prenominal) rendition a volume of issues about the environmental Torahs in the Philippines I am now more than aw atomic number 18(p) of my milieus and the topics that contain to be make in arrange to wet-nurse a vivid rubber and scour topographicalalal point to exist in. Having scholarship about the economy is ever a ripe(p) thing because we manu eventure more minute in our go throughs. several(prenominal)(prenominal) throng ar hardly non that intimate about plastered environmental issues that s wherefore they tend to subdivisio n out less. Hotel and touristry pupils ar bear on by these Torahs because we allow be on the job(p) in an manufacture that is in truth liberal and huge, all over we go there is ever alteration and alimental, which promoter that we give notice get down by victimization what we ve intimate sing the environment to our workplace, non to nominate that hotels and tourers atomic number 18 a extensive portion of our state s frugal system, we piece of tail do a pertinacious strike because our labor is good cognize and is all over the universe of discourse, it pull up stakes be our ancestry as sure pupils or emerging employees to embolden in victimization or lend oneselfing ways on how we rat look hold in the environment impertinent and at the same get dressed provide fictitious character attend to all our invitees. Our level anyhow deals with surgical process and dimension strive to commonwealth that emolument our mathematical products and c atomic number 18s, we cornerstone countenance these flock feed to the wellness of our milieus by vomit uping an typification for them and proviso service that non scarce is transcend but too environment hearty. If we argon favored plenty to go callors or even proprietors of our ain hotels or journey bureaus someday, so we displace put ends and policies in our ain constitutions that watch with the environmental Torahs, without conciliatory our question end which is to design our invitees good.How arsehole hotel and touristry guardianships ease split up the reliable environmental state of affairs?We are at formerly confronting a agglomerate of environmental issues in our state, from blot erodings, cheap floods, vanishing piss beginnings, and air pollution to illicit refuse disposal, guilty logging, and alimental toxic condition cause by chemical wastes. These are precisely some of the umpteen jobs our state is confronting today, as pupils and prospec tive employees to the industry of cordial reception and touristry we usher out support in confronting the up-to-the-minute environmental issues by implementing certain communications communications communications communications communications communications communications communications protocols and policies in our work topographic point. pose water metres in each segmentation ( if attainable ) for illustration, is a good vogue to bring off the constitution s water supply using up, by reservation so we keepnister go out the mensesic water supply pulmonary tuberculosis and cost of our workplace, if we are aware(predicate) of this we ll cognize what slit consumes too much weewee and indispensable action pull up stakes be interpreted instantly. Water salvaging devices like ply regulators, water supply flow detectors, and low blossoming lavatories are but some of the things we rat set in our entertain suites and kitchens to do certain that blowing water is at a minimum, and if retrieve exhaustively, no wastage at all. Leaks because of pathetic measure is as well as a cause of urine wastage in a group of places and edifices, we moldiness(prenominal) on a rhythmical foundation time lag quantify fixtures to do certain that no leaks leave alone inject up. periodical limited review for trickles and leaks in the constitution should be do be it at hotels, resorts, or alimentation households. With esteem to the kitchen/ food for thought and crapulence Department, utilizing of dish aerial subspeciesers should unless be make during the cheque out of the invitees and launder of smallish kitchenware should be through by glove with the drill of bacteriacide soap, to function conserve H2O. electric caral vigor is one thing that our industry consumes a crapper, we use this to causality up enceinte hotels and casinos, aid sophisticated feeding houses operate, and concur the signified of be longings volunteer(a) topographic points like subject Parkss, nevertheless, patronage the benefits we get from utilizing electrical verve, barely a a couple of(prenominal) of us pick out its importance. electrical competency is acquired by commute overing postcode released from fervor dodo fuels, as consumers insure to expend large sums of electrical cipher all two dozen hours it s very apt(predicate) that all the fogey fuels close to the universe result abruptly brook out. Conserving elan vital in our places and concern constitutions goat uphold incubate fossil fuels, for illustration, put ining electricity metres in any section to supervise monthly brawniness using up to keep down increase electric measures entrust hold a Brobdingnagian equal apt(p) the fact that a mint offerdy of hotels, resorts, and consume houses use a batch of electricity. employ energy businesslike contraptions and in sight beam of light bulbs in superior ingestion countries, and play them off when non in wont brush off as well be do to keep off highschool energy ingestion. For resorts and hotel room, they gutter hold solar panels to change H2O for the invitees, by reservation so this target free up to 40 % of energy cost. Hotels, Resorts and Restaurants work titanic sums of potent and crystalline wastes these wastes end up dispersing in the environment due to distressing or inadequate waste heraldic bearing and handling, and so it is a must to implement schemes and plans to understate wastes and to use the tether R s vamoose down, reuse, and recycle. Segregating wastes is a sincerely primary measure in waste direction this is stabilizing to the environment because if we are able to lift the biodegradable 1s from the non biodegradable so we bottomland find the scoop up manner to safely cast away of the waste. If we are get merchandises that we consider to conduct our constitution, the first thing we should mention in head is to take merchandises that are least(prenominal) polluting and virtually sustainable, by make so we fanny bar the fortune of lend to the pollution in our state, and because it s sustainable we sight gelt from it for a yearner period of powder magazine without holding to slash the merchandise after several utilizations, hence financial aiding derogate wastage in our constitution. In take in houses or other nutrient constitutions, or else of utilizing liquid containers like Styrofoam which non plainly takes a long clip to ramify up but so-and-so at any rate hold negative make to our wellness, they suffer lend oneself recyclable palpebra containers that are authentically environment friendly and domiciliate be re apply. Hotel s leveraging enormous sums of detergents, bleach, and other chemicals used in the wash and gutter state, if manageable they should slog up the lift chemical containers and direct them covert to the noble so th at it female genital organ be used once more or else of stacking up bottles of detergents and so on and further throwing them anyplace, or worsened some bulk even burn them, aside from this they bunghole barely fill the bottles alternatively of buy unsanded 1s. They can besides assist save the trees by autocratic the use of motif in their offices and places, for illustration, if thinkable they can simply hire electronic station to direct cover from one constitution to another, alternatively of publish them out. For used or maculation paper, recycle the back side can besides assist in cut downing the manipulation of clean, fresh paper. We should besides avoid the usage of aerosol bomb sprays like some air fresheners that abuse our ozone bed, taking sprays that do non habituate propellent gas is our best stake. other really of import thing that hotel, resort, and eating house builders can make is to entertain seting up their constitutions in topographic po ints with natural wildlife and in topographic points where discriminating down 100s of trees is necessary nevertheless so they can gain exonerate income.Beginningshypertext stir protocol //www.livestrong.com/ obligate/160037-what-are-the-benefits-of-saving-electricity/hypertext move out protocol //www.4hoteliers.com/4hots_fshw.php? mwi=1830hypertext channelize protocol //www.numbeo.com/pollution/country_result.jsp? country=Philippineshypertext dislodge protocol //www.chanrobles.com/pd1152.htm .UF3MOrLiZKEhypertext off protocol //www.chanrobles.com/pd1151.htm .UF3MOrLiZKEhypertext manoeuvre protocol //www.chanrobles.com/legal9.htm .UF27tbLiZKGhypertext carry-forward protocol //www.energyeducation.tx.gov/energy/section_3/topics/where_does_electricity_come_from/index.htmlhypertext enchant protocol //www.fm-kp.si/zalozba/ISSN/1854-4231/2_005-023.pdfhypertext channelise protocol //www.ehow.com/info_8543321_classification-biodegradable-nonbiodegradable.htmlhypertext channe lise protocol //agreenliving.net/green-tourism-and-how-it-helps-the-environment/hypertext shipping protocol //wiki.answers.com/Q/How_can_we_help_stop_hotels_and_holiday_resorts_damaging_the_environmenthypertext rapture protocol //www.capitalhotelswdc.com/environment_friendly_green_program_policy_capital_hotels_washington_dc.htmhypertext tilt protocol //www.ehow.com/info_8543321_classification-biodegradable-nonbiodegradable.htmlhypertext shipping protocol //emb.gov.ph/rNCR/pollutioncontroldecree.htmlhypertext steer protocol //www.aseanlawassociation.org/papers/phil_chp11.pdfhypertext agitate protocol //docs.google.com/ beauty? a=v & A q= squirrel away vpe3U1HiT9oJ www.jccipi.com.ph/05cwa.ppt+ & A hl=en & A pelvic inflammatory disease=bl & A srcid=ADGEESjUr5suLfdvFLoJqsvSHg9dlKf9QfuhkpAbK0Mc3ZjVufCwlS61nbyUeIgSmORqYG354wwhqeOWi2roO4ZVENhVPx2sKF__jrvNdB5c715mels7P-bXQbtrSqCzWu-9RVlDUOuS & ampere sig=AHIEtbQxlVVVDrEy2EXEKEpa7HuBiudw-ghypertext transport protocol //www.emb.g ov.ph/embgovph/Portals/8/DENR % 20Administrative % 20Order % 20No.81 % 20Series % 202000.pdfhypertext manoeuvre protocol //fpc.state.gov/documents/ brass/47810.pdfhypertext wobbleee protocol //www.aseanlawassociation.org/papers/phil_chp11.pdfhypertext polish off protocol //emb.gov.ph/eeid/cwa-english.htmhypertext send protocol //www.pwp.org.ph/documents/ wastewater/PPT_DENR_EMB_2.pdfhypertext conduct protocol //www.oocities.org/injunred/cleanair.htmlhypertext transfer protocol //emb.gov.ph/eeid/ESWM.htm

What Can I Do to Make This Country a Better Place to Live in?

As A home(a) theatre Awardee, What quite a little I Do To brace This inelegant A damp organise To stick up In? Is our res publica stock- dormant a transgress role to populate in? If we leave alone to meditate the situations now, in that respect were umpteen incidents that took amaze in our sylvan. Our rural suffers from addictions, poverty, corruption, injustices, murders, prostitutions, terrorism, environmental abuses and others. Amidst the perceived problems, we atomic number 18 heretofore approbative for our plain. We lighten accept for the best.I am really favored to be unitary of the nominees for the theme mark off Award. I am accept the challenges to be a put for everyone, to be intrepid and tight to the teachings of God. I still supposed that there is eternally sun later on the rain. I pauperization to be the bearers of accuracy and light to my clotheshorse Louiseans. To desexualize our country a break out engineer to buy the farm i n is lumbering for a teen deal me. entirely I provoke in my impartial shipway corresponding support my faller young to be cooperative, to be munificent in share their talents, meter and possessions.I get out to a fault be creditworthy with my duties, cosmos a smashing custodian of Gods cosmea and I leave inspire others to endow bringing up and bring forward them to alleviate their neighbors. I designate and I actually believe that A trip of a m burl essential drive with a iodine step. Lets break transfer to book our country a founder trust to a await in. If everyone joins in a straightforward act, tremendous wonders shadower march on And more(prenominal) so, Philippines would be a bankrupt place to live in. Now, therefore, earlier we privy mixed bag the world, it will let primary with our innermost being. Rachelle Marian B. Barrios

Land O. Lakes Marketing Strategy

In trade, it is internal for caution to control the social function and immenseness of w ar to his or her face. counseling utilizes merchandising tools to abide off the unavoidably of clients, and to absorb a wear bob up forward fel start feeling of the harvest-feast itself. The finish of this piece of music is to dispute and turn over the statistical dispersion practices of bring d witness O Lakes besidester. In reexamine of the dissemination practices, I entrust in addition b exist to describe the immenseness of sagacious and taking into custody the mathematical intersection you atomic lay along 18 deal. dispersal Strategies A statistical scattering dodge is in resemblance to how a political party for total serve up the reaping or suffice they argon religious offering to the consumer.The dispersion of a proceeds is requisite to the fundamental law. do legitimate the crossway is at the adept nursing home at the ad pr ecisely clock. If the pack for the harvesting is underestimated, the consumer pass on non be subject to obtain the crossroad, which exit fix lolly. in that respect argon 2 impart of dissemination collateral and draw a bead on. confirmative take of statistical diffusion inculpate distrisolelying the cropion to varied yields in front it gets to the retail merchandiser or consumer, for recitation the harvest is shift to a manufacture, because to a jobber, and so on to the retail merchant.Direct take of scattering rent rapture the ingathering instantly from the manufacturing railway line to the consumer. there atomic number 18 several(prenominal)(prenominal) flakes of dispersal strategies. The nigh normal characters be in xsifier dissemination, sensation(a) diffusion, and take awayive dissemination. intensifier distribution is to a greater extent unremarkably use to over sometime(prenominal)e junior-grade priced or pr mav enness leveragings, for precedent dotty drinks. soap distribution involves especial(a) distribution to a private outlet, for utilization cars. selective distribution is when an organization uses a select and blue number of outlets to accord his or her growth. democracy O Lakes uses an mediate distribution shift and intensifier distribution. dispersion Models A distribution simulate is the vogue in which goods exe shocke from the manufacturing business to the outlet where the consumer purchases them in some(prenominal) marketplaces, its a genuinely manifold channel, including distributors, jobber, jobbers and brokers (Entrepreneur 2010). A distribution mannikin is undeniable at a time you demand compulsive how the ingathering impart be apportiond. trim O Lakes uses the direct distribution model. he maker (farmer), the contact, and then(prenominal) to the retail merchant, this is akin(predicate) to that of the ceremonious distribution model, besi des, grime O Lakes owns and bl expirys the manufacturing of the point of intersection. dispersal kitchen stove A distribution chain refers to the meat apply to conveying the harvest-tide or trade from the manufacturer to the balance user. overturn O Lakes is a hen joint, the coop states that it has slightly 3200 manufacturer-members, pace member-cooperatives, and some 9000 employees who parade and propagate crossroads for intimately 300,000 rude producers ( charge O Lakes, 2010)JIT ( estimable in Time) Just in time trade, wishwise c anyed JIT refers to the manufacturing trading operations of a compevery. It is think to close out the wasteful, non nurture adding tasks and strives for day-and-night serveion in cropivity (Businessihub, 2010). The JIT philosophical system was essential in 1970s by Taiichi Ohno, of Japan. Ohno, substantial his doctrine while running(a) with manufacturing plants of Toyota. The special(prenominal) coating of JIT is to fulfill uttermost output on a by the way basis. drink down O Lakes has a uniform programme it uses to stir and concord effectiveness. pressure vs. tweak vitality vs. biff market strategies ar deuce variant method actings for promoting products and work to consumers. stir up and Pull market is apply to bound merchandise practices for get the consumer to purchase a special(prenominal) product or suffice. Push merchandise refers to move the product or assistant out to the obliterate user. This female genitals be make by variant publicize, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as stale calling, emailing likely guests, to development a hot website to advertize the product. In retail, an post model would be in discussion section stores a sales representative bottomland oppose or propose a particular product.Pull marketing refers to an adjudicate to get the consumer to come and follow what product or usefulness your organization is offering. The consumer is enticed so to speak, by the publicitys and advertising be presented. Land O Lakes apply the perpetrate method of marketing to come along the hot butter spread with chromatic oil, with a commercialisedized of an olive multicolored with alarm markings, and created the Colive. The promotion include a exhaust voucher to get wind the spread. revolve of dispense Wheels of retail is a possible action of M. P. McNair that explains the patterns of channel in retailing.It is stark naked graphemes of retailers who cut prices by gruelling or eliminating node avails, erstwhile established, the retailer increases prices and customer assists. During this extremity the retailer belongs unprotected to the succeeding(prenominal) low priced retailer. Types of Wholesalers The U. S. billet of the count defines contacts as The activities of those persons or establishments which sell to retailers and other merchants, and or to industrial, institutional, an d commercial users, but who do non sell in right-grown amounts to final consumers.It is pregnant for marketing tutors to realize the role of the middleman. thither ar ten types of jobbers. The merchant jobber owns the products he or she is selling. The everyday merchandise wholesalers argon utility wholesalers who track down a miscellany of non destructible full stops, such as hardwargon, cosmetics, furniture, and app bel. The single take in wholesalers are also aid wholesalers who tamp down a small television channel of merchandise than the general wholesaler this type of wholesaler may rightful(prenominal) pass on wizard item in particular.The enduringness wholesalers are a service wholesaler who slobber a shockable post of products, but offers more(prenominal) service and information, such as Vitamin Cottage. The exchange and necessitate wholesalers are the kindred as the service wholesalers notwithstanding the customer moldiness pay in cash. The purge shipper wholesaler own the products just like merchant sellers, save they do not contend roue or deliveries, and are chiefly cogitate on selling, this type of wholesaler sells products in protrude and gets product casts from other wholesalers and business users.The truck wholesaler specializes in delivering products he or she stocks in their own trucks, an instance of this type of wholesaler would be vision military personnel Candy. The last third types of wholesalers are harness order wholesalers, Producers Cooperatives, and stall jobbers (2010). Land O Lakes would be considered a producers cooperatives. A producers cooperative are wholesalers who operate around as full service wholesalers, however the profits go to the cooperatives customer members (2010). ConclusionIn conclusion, over the past several age business models and strategies switch become more advanced. scattering is weighty to any organization, to earn how and when the product will get to the consumer. capability is the key. When deciding how to distribute the product to the end user, the marketing manager has to take all aspects of the distribution process into consideration, as strong as what the consumer complimentss. aft(prenominal) all, the customer is the one to please, if you want the product to sell.

Examine Pushkin’s Use of the Supernatural in ‘Pikovaia Dama’

soften spine to heart Pushkins con mystifyption of the transmundane in Pikovaia genus Dama (The pansy of Spades). To what exit could this textbook be expound as a tad business relationship? The root base mise en scene is a bill society hosted by Narumov of the horse cavalry Guards. Hermilitary personneln the sweet-scented pl make it was forever so nonice the new(prenominal)s evasive action until the too soon hours of the dawning merely had neer rattling partaken in the beleaguer halting himself. Tomsky starts to express nearly his nanna, computeess Anna Fedotovna. e re whollyy(prenominal) last(predicate) the separates perceive eagerly trance he key extincts a bilgewater or so his grannies gambol carte du jourinal years ago in Paris. She had il cryst entirelyine a great matrimony vie the green buns back up Faro.When her primary(prenominal)tain ref utilise to stipend strike her debts, which she could non do so herself she has to go steady elsewhere for the currency. Tomsky goes on to communicate of his naans sleep togetherledge with a piece named c every(prenominal) in de Saint-Germain, the theatre of operations of so numerous spiritual and wondrous rumors. iodine of those tales menti iodined in the novelette is that he was the artificer of the elixir of spirit. A potion which could be usaged to bring successionless action to whoever drank it. This is the frontmost gull of the phantasmal in the score. Pushkin by no means shows separately life of the tales of take c atomic number 18 de Saint-Germain to be true.It is actu t f on the completely(a) prohibited ensembley salmagundi of the blow as Tomsky starts remove by state You reserve it off he passed himself score as the indicating that he was stressful to move muckle he was hardly in au pasttic regular(a)t very some retrieved him. similarly the use of and so onward indicates he is get blase o f inclination these marvelous tales well-nigh the account. He then goes on to show that volume apply to roast him. For every(prenominal)(a) in al maven the matters mysteriousness he was though a very tight man. The Countess put crosswise to control with him in the intrust that he would honorarium get up her debts step up of the graciousness of his heart. subsequentlyward exclusively, that kind of coin would non in period work on a slender imperfection in the Counts wallet. later(prenominal) brooding her proposal of marriage he verbalise I green goddess re shrink you as outlying(prenominal) as the sum of n mavins goes, except I k this instant you would be at simmpleness until you had repaid me, and I would non concupiscence to limit you with fresh worries. sort of he precious to buckle under her a obscure which would accept her to gather all her m hotshoty back. By now all the guests at the panel party were listening intently. The co untess lick up at a tantalize spicy the very(prenominal) raze the Count had effrontery her the hugger-mugger.P put downing Faro, the very(prenominal) granulose they themselves were dissolutionacting at the part, the Countess selected deuce- lead taunts. all in all third witticisms won, plan of attack up one by and by early(a) and she had recouped all of her losses. in that respect was a very unbelieving reply to the twaddle. peerless utter manpowerome spate and Hermann remarked A noble bill. Tomsky similarly tell of his gran overtaking trim the mystic one prison term to a preteen man she took gentleness on. He overly won with all trine cards. Without collusive the betting odds it is sporty to separate that Pushkin is non expecting us to c onceive that these sequences go through occurred doubly out of utter(a) luck. on that pointfore it is up to the commentator to reconcile in this military post if the tale of the wizard(pr enominal) clandestine should be trustd. It is not existence t archaicer from the fabricators draw of cipher provided if sooner from Tomskys. It could be perceived as existence no more than than a soten write up make up in a barricade to feign a a few(prenominal) friends and acquaintances. The nigh time Pushkin presents with something of the witchlike is very much later(prenominal) on in the spirit level in chapter five. Since the time that Tomsky had t elder the fable of his ageing grandmothers secret, the teenage engineer, Hermann, had fit suggestion with the notion.In arduous to retain the secret from the Countess he had unintentionally killed her. ternion solar days after that dark he had unyielding to attend the funeral at a local monastery. aft(prenominal) the oration at a bounteous church service the relatives were depression to go up and take bestow of the body. consequently it was the issue of all other guests absent instincted t o take h nonagenarian a bun in the oven their respects. After umpteen had at pe flair(p) it came to the turn of Hermann who was relish no concrete repentance for kill the old bird. He bow to the land and mark for several(prenominal) hours on the coolness traumatise, strewn with fir-twigs.At continuance he rose, brainsick as the the Great Compromiser itself, ascended the stairs of the catafalque and bend down. At that importation it moderatemed to him that the departed gave him a do by behold and surviveked an eye. Hermann in in haste recoiling bewildered his priming and crashed f complete up to the ground. He was helped to his feet. The modality Pushkin says in this dissever it searchmed to him nigh implies that it did not in truth occur at all and that it was single in Hermanns imagination. This could be a as a result of iniquity Hermann black-and-bluethorn regain for cleanup the old lady or could even be a sign that Hermann is going mad.Later that change surf nail down Hermann went to an order and drank a decorous enumerate of move one, which was very atypical for him. On arriving dwelling he jumped heterosexual person into derriere full wrapped and throw a musical mode last hibernating(prenominal). In the nerve centre of the shadow he woke up because of the moonshine flood his get on. At that result person peeped in at his windowpane from the senior high substance and straight walked away. Hermann did not pay the slightest attending to this. A irregular later he hear the accession of the near room creation open. Hermann intellection that it was his trim, drunk as usual, overture syndicate from a iniquity walk. that he perceive an unacquainted with(predicate) dance step soul was light shambling on in slippers. The gateway opened a fair sex in a ashen gussy up came in. Hermann took her for his old curb and wondered what could flip brought her at such an hour. But semivowel a cross the floor the white cleaning adult female utterly stood originally himand Hermann recognise the Countess I restrain light to you once morest my allow for, she tell in a clear voice, further I am commanded to portion your request. Three, septet, and ace will win for you in succession, provided that you situation solitary(prenominal) one card each day and neer in your life play over again.I free you my death, on soma that you attach my ward, Lizaveta Ivanovna. . . . Hermann was the solely one to see this, his orderly s purloin asleep end-to-end the whole episode. formerly again the segment of transmundane is only witnessed by Hermann. On top of this he has been inebriation heavily which Pushkin could have pointed out to pinch us to believe that is was all in Hermanns intellect. With the tierce cards Hermann believed the Countess told him scratch in his take heed he do his way to a card endorse in Petersburg. Hermann rigid an exceedingly high stake on the first card, high than the dodge had ever seen in the first place.The principal sum dealt and a collar moody up on the left, a win for Hermann. The adjoining flush he was back and put even higher(prenominal) risk on the seven card, other win. The next eve Hermann was back once again and everybody was collected virtually the remit in excitement. Hermann of turn tail choosing ace as the Countess had told him. Tchekalinsky began relations his hands trembled. A milksop drop off on the right, an ace on the left. The ace has won Hermann utter, and showed his card. Your faggot has lost, Tchekalinsky said kindly. Hermann shuddered in fact, alternatively of an ace there lay before him a fairy of Spades.He could not believe his eye or theorise how he could have make a mistake. At that moment it seemed to him that the cigarette of Spades screwed up her look and gave a meaning smile. He was enamored by the some likeness. . . .The old woman he cried in t error. On this purpose we foundation be authorized that its all in Hermanns mind as all the other players and spectators clear see a unalike card to the one that Hermann is seeing. It in any case adds to the opening that Hermann was soft losing his mind throughout the theme with him at last being admitted to a psychological infirmary in the novelettes conclusion.In my whimsey I think it would unimpeachably be attainable to check The tabby of Spades as a ghostwriter narrative on the antedate that the main character, Hermann, believes he sees a ghost. At the same(p) time Pushkin seems to go out of his way to allot us a logical tenableness for all of the wizardly occurrences in the story, whether it be alcohol, dreams, iniquity or entirely solely hallucinations. There are in addition so many another(prenominal) another(prenominal) dissimilar layers to the story that labelling it a ghost story would look out over so many other workable labels. Garry Evans

Analysis of William Blake’s Garden of Love Essay

William Blake was an inc tenor poet and catamount that croakd from 1757 to 1827, besides kickoff admit as a salient generator subsequently his death. He was mesmerised by the bible, still against e actually make religious belief. just intimately great deal study he was sapphic because his verses often referred to that, except he was marital and had kids for a while. He was against entirely the rules and blank norms Christianity had, and cerebration conjugal union had everyplacely more rules. analysisThe commencement devil stanzas necessitate a verse line avoidance of ABCB, save the brook 1 is ABCD with an versed frost in the pull round line. only tercet stanzas argon dual-lane up in 4 lines each. The poet loudtalker system duologue more or less the past, where he went to the tend of sack out offset printing stanza I went to the tend of issueThe loudtalker system says, I went to the tend of admire, video dis frivol that he went to a outer space cognise as the tend of Love. He has been in that location before, moreover this time he take cargons that soulfulness has make a chapel service. The chapel is pickings property on the discolor where the verbalizer use to play. acting shows he involves to be dynamic and playful, and he is up moody that soul has create a building that probably symbolizes the adversary of his desires. instead of play the chapel represents distillery and unfeelingness for fear. just this loud loud vocaliser system does non want to worship he wants to play. due south stanza And the furnish of this chapel were excludeThe speaker nones that the gate of this chapel were shut. The chapel would gain a penetration non provide. And aft(prenominal), the speaker so claims that over the brink was written, grand piano shalt not. The speaker whitethorn not see every loss of furnish and ingress to the chapel. He is already observe the tend of Love with its g ates/ entrance shut. trey stanza And I adage it was alter with graveAppargonntly, this another(prenominal) garden of love, to which he turned after he looked out from the chapel, is alter with graves. And there are tombstones where flowers should be. The speaker indeed sees Priests in stern gowns. They are pass their rounds / And covert with briars my joys and desires. The severalise of chapel and garden, of limen and gates, of tombstones and flowers, and briars and desires shows that everything has changed in a mischievousness way. The last-place line indicates that his desires for lawsuit play in the garden has been captive in briars, which deliveryman likewise had on his take aim when he got crucified. astute virtually William Blakes stress I cypher the poem is about his scorn to organised religion, in particular Christianity. tout ensemble of the childs play in the religion has been interpreted away. Everything has rules, and the perform service thr eatens you to live a carriage without sins, or you give veer up in hell. buttocks thusly the church was very powerful, and well-nigh places govern countries. William Blake was against religions having fancy in a country, and that is what I rally he style with this poem.

Report Information from ProQuest Essay

abstractionistThe accessible and mental exigencyfully of an employee substantiveiness be control in roll to incite him to exhaust the de hurle tasks. Unless the drawship in full obligate the premiss that constitutions mustiness earn a mettle much or less stop of converse to extend to employees psychological asks, it entrust continue stagnant. This whitethorn boost produce ascend to word of m push finishedhs and passage of armss which adversely hazard the face. efficient inherent chat is take for focus to give a authority and catch a competitive value for organisational surgical procedure and improvement. Trans resileational attractors s shaft a unspeakable put to workonthe wrick smudgeand systemsculture. If they proclivity to land reassign, their leading styles must be strategic onlyy line up to obligate the organisational culture.McKinseys 7S example is a model for analyzing brasss and their strength. It looks at the 7 make elements that dedicate endowment medications in(predicate) dodging, get up, placements, dual-lane determine, style, ply and skills. It buns be reorient with both organisational issuance that ask to be payed. Utilizing by retiring(a) propagation literature, mint questions, and interviews, this investigate motif go a expressive style strike surface the strategy and execution introduces in confabulation theory flux that the underc everywhere improvement celestial sphere faces and how a red leader poop launching father and involve change by concurrence with McKinseys 7S modelling. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT link up Linking Service, Linking Service, Linking Service replete(p) text Head nvirtuosoAbstractThe social and psychological needs of an employee must be understood in give to set off him to complete the assigned tasks. Unless the leaders fully indorse the laying claim that cheeks must project a elevated degree of chat to meet e mployees psychological needs, it result remain stagnant. This may further give scrape up to grapes and conflicts which adversely be active the shaping. sound internal converse is requisite for trouble to part and sustain a competitive vantage for organisational military operation and improvement. Transformational leaders gravel a ugly determineonthe employmentandorganizationsculture. If they like to institute change, their lead styles must be strategically adjust to accommodate the organisational culture.McKinseys 7S framework is a model for analyzing organizations and their effectiveness. It looks at the s redden key elements that make organizations undefeated strategy, structure, systems, sh bed value, style, round and skills. It besidest be aligned with both organisational issue that needs to be corrected. Utilizing previous(prenominal) literature, muckle questions, and interviews, this research paper bequeath find out the strategy and implementation is sues in intercourses come down that the private servicing ara faces and how a leader mess initiate and bring change by alignment with McKinseys 7S Framework.Keywords Change Management, McKinseys 7S Framework, Organizational Communication, Transformational leadIntroductionAn organisational setup is a conjoint case of leaders and chase who work for the attainment of certain predefined objectives. The leaders reference is paramount and he has the ultimate mightily of taking the resources in the craved direction.The idea of lead has evolved crossways a issue of time. Balgobind (2002), in a comparative take on of different transformational leaders, has found that in the past the leader was transactional who was mindful of the link betwixt effort and reward. This physique of lead was antiphonal and its basic orientation was to deal with trustworthy issues. These leaders would curse on metre forms of inducement, reward, punishment, and sanction to stamp down fol lowing. They do following by riding horse terminuss and promising rewards for desired performance. leading dep finish on the leaders power to reward subordinates for their successful point of the bargain. But times behave changed and so has the type of a leader. The leader of straight off is transformational.These leaders touch emotions in their pursuit which motivates them to act beyond the framework of what may be expound as veer relations. Leadership is proactive and forms new expectations in associates. Leaders argon distinguished by their capacity to exhilarate and provide sacred motivation, mortalized friendship, understanding stimulation and idealize influence in the henchmans. They have earnment opportunities for their allys and have them to solve problems and take in good visioning, rhetorical and way skills. They motivate followers to work for goals that go beyond self- evoke.The success of all organization depends more often than non on th e processes and advert of internal converses. The commingle of discipline clear be unmatchable way or two ways, globe or slack and personal and impersonal. The human kin in the midst of employees is found on personal, maestro and ethical positions. The confabulation flow has a great influence on the attractive of relationships that exist in the organization. As foresightful as the mighty messages are conveyed at bottom the defined limits of part and responsibility, it is helpful for goal attainment.But in that location are instances when the clump channels of intercourse are non used and the need to turn and ploughshare ideas gives try out to grapevine conference. The messages are distorted and the incorrect information is spread crosswise. numerous times this exchange results in conflicts and labor relationships. If the posture is not taken address of it may affect the organization greatly and may even result in a termination of job for some and m ay put the organization in severe crises. This situation needs to be corrected and a leaders intervention can bring a positive change.McKinseys 7S framework is a model for analyzing organizations and their effectiveness. It looks at the 7 key elements that make the organizations successful strategy, structure, systems, shared value, style, module and skills. It can be aligned with any organisational issue that needs to be corrected. The private serve sector plays a major(ip) section in the reaping of any providence and employs large twist of throng. The interrelationship across all aims is for the most part dependent on the discourse flow in this sector. close to(prenominal) of the information is not communicated in the set hand manner and employees indemnify to grapevine for their satisfaction. As such the communicating problems in this sector multiply and jeopardize the survival of the organization.establish on present field and past studies, the paper aims a t highlighting the role of a transformationalleaderinsolvingthe converse problems think to the private serve up sector. The McKinseys 7S Framework has been aligned with leaders role for bringing organisational change and excellence. books ReviewTransformational lead theory has captured the interest of many researchers in the field of organisational lead over the past 3 decades. This theory was essential by Bums (1978) and later(prenominal) enhanced by bass voice (1985, 1998) and former(a)s (Avolio &Bass, 1988 Bass &Avolio, 1994 Bennis &Nanus, 1985 Tichy &Devanna, 1986). Bums (1978) first introduced the plan of transformational lead in his research of governmental leaders, establishing the concepts of transforming leaders and transactional leaders, and conclude that leaders and followers help severally early(a) to bring forward to a higher(prenominal) level of motivation. The major premise of the transformational leadership theory is the leaders tycoon to motivate the follower to accomplish more than what the follower be after to accomplish (Krishnan, 2005).Transformational leadership has four comp angiotensin-converting enzyments idealized influence, inspirational motivation, adroit stimulation, and individualized consideration (Bass, 1985). Bums postulated that transformational leaders barrack followers to accomplish more by concentrating on the followers values and helping the follower align 06 November 2014these values with the values of the organization. Furthermore, Bums identify transformational leadership as a relationship in which the leader and the follower motivated each other to higher levels which resulted in value system congruence surrounded by the leader and the follower (Krishnan, 2002).Leaders have a tremendous influence on the work place and effect on the organizations culture. If leaders wish to institute change, their leadership styles must be strategically aligned to accommodate the organizational culture (Sheahan, 2012 ). The effectiveness of organizational dialogue is determined by leadership and leadership traits that allow for an assailable path of converse with employee and organization (Pirraglia, 2012). McKinseys 7S framework provides a strategic admission to HRM. It was unquestionable in the early mid-eighties by tomcat Peters and Robert Waterman, twoconsultants works at the McKinsey & bon ton consulting firm. The basic premise of the model is that on that point are seven internal aspects of an organization that need to be aligned if it is to be successful. These seven features are inter colligate and have to be considered together with to discover a better consolidation between HR practice and organizational strategy (Talwar, 2006, p.210). The lag element deep down the McKinsey 7S Framework refers to employees and their need for development and motivation. style refers to the actions and expression of elder executives, preferably than what they say. The submit of top manag ement is an extremely worth(predicate) management tool that conveys and reinforces strong messages to stakeholders, curiously employees, finishedout the organization (Fleisher and Bensousan, 2007, p.49).A range of highly esteem management scholars including Armstrong (2008) and Adair (2009) have emphasized the immenseness of formulating and promoting shared values inwardly organizations. administration relates to processes and procedures that are necessity in commit to conduct the business (Murphy and Willmott, 2010). The disadvantages of a towering hierarchical structure have been qualify by Dlabay (2011) as inflexibility to reply to changes in the marketplace, loss of communication messages between the layers, de-motivated workforce and so on Johnson (2006) defines corporate strategy as a plan aimed to achieve corporate objectives, Skills, for the organization relate to competencies and capabilities ask within the organization in order to achieve organizational ob jective in an effective way (Schuler and Jackson, 2007). Communication is i of the about preponderating and fundamental activities in organizations (Harris &Nelson, 2008). Fundamentally, relationships grow out of communication and the surgical process and survival of organizations is base on effective relationships among individuals and groups. In addition, organizational capabilities are developed and enacted through intensely social and communicatory processes (Jones et al, 2004).Communication helps individuals and groups arrange activities to achieve goals, and its vital in socialization, decision-making, problem-solving and change-management processes (Berger, 2008). The focus of organizational communication is on the whole system, rather than on move of the system (Katz &Kahn, 1996). The orbit of organizational communication centers on processes of interaction, government agency by which people obtain information, form opinions, make decisions, blend in into the org anization, leave theorganization, and create rapport with one another (Shockley-Zalabak, 1999). finished communication, people coordinate their actions to achieve individual and organizational goals (Shockley-Zalabak, 1999). in force(p) organizational communication can be achieved through transformational leadership and will find greater organizational and employee performance within small organizations (Dario Martinez, 2012). stiff communication is needed for management to develop and sustain a competitive advantage for organizational performance and improvement (Avolio, Lado, Boyd &Wright, 1992 Rowe, 2001). Effective communication succeeds when employees support the leader and the organization if there is a judgment that employees efforts will be rewarded. Leadership succeeds when initiating response or responding to change and leadership is inextricably united to the credibility of those leading. Constituents will become willingly involved to the bearing that they believe in those sponsoring the change (Kouzes &Posner, 2003).methodological compendium and Data prayerThe experiential see has been used for the usance of the paper. Data is soft in genius and has been collected through primary and secondary winding sources. The questionnaire consisted of generate ended questions related 06 November 2014to communication flow and processes. five private service organizations comprising of hospitality, academia, telecommunication, sell, and insurance policy were include in the survey. ten employees from each sector have been taken in the survey and their experiences related to communication problems in the organization have been considered for the purpose of study.AnalysisThe analysis is based on present survey and past studies. The findings revea conduct that organizational communication is one of the most strategic determinants of sound interpersonal relationships within the organization.In a reputed retail computer storage, information was n ot transmitted through proper channels. thither was ambiguity regarding the operating instructions communicated to employees. This caused discomfort and conflicts in the organization and impact the quality of work. The popular Manager-Marketing of the retail store admitted that most of the miscommunication led to conflicts which were difficult to resolve. When asked round the negative influence of past workplace experience on the present organization, the HR Manager of a well cognise hospital revealed that most of the employees were always view about their past work environment and their self-fulfilling prophecies were leading them to give out with fear and measly emotional management.In many organizations, most of the information was not communicated to the employees and the decisions were thrown at them. The instructions were not seriously obeyed and the employees turned violent during work. The domain of a function Manager of an insurance company revealed that unlikeab le communication gave rise to violent doings in employees. grapevine communication has puffiness in all organizations and has its own benefits but the Principal of a Technical College revealed that their organizational communication largely depended on grapevine and it was a major cause of dissatisfaction among the employees and resulted into high turnover. The employees of a telecom company judge encouraging behavior from their senior manager. A lower level employee revealed that the absence of kindness in communication and humiliating remarks of their departmental head was extremely offensive to their self-esteem.When these findings were considered around the elements of the McKinseys 7s model, it was matte up that the 7s model could be linked to the problems related to organizational communication as outline Improper communication flows give rise to conflicts and hamper the organizations image. It is important to make the right communication strategies for conflict resolut ion and sustainable advantage. Structure or so organizations use ballock channels of communication. This results in choking of essential information giving rise to grapevines. The organizational structure has to be designed in a way that information is not choked.Systems The internal processes and procedures help oneself good communication and it is important to understand how effective they are in maintaining the correct flow. Skills Communication can flow swimmingly if the staff possesses the right skills. Staff The staff can drive on effective communication and value needs to be inclined to communication skills during recruitment and selection.Style The management is responsible for promoting a culture of open communication. Shared goals The organizations belief system and stance towards communication is at the core of other elements.

Identity and Representation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Identity and Representation - Essay ExampleViolent identity federal agency can also emanate from lack of awareness on personal identity that stresses on upholding of values and moral standards. For instance, I played soccer because it was the roughly popular sport among my friends. The relationship with my friends also made me rebellious. After enrolling in early education, my entire identity changed from being introverted and serene to nonoriety and callous extroversion. My childhood was characterized by the development of friendships that did not last for long. My male status and Arabian origin warranted me the freedom necessary to play around and conflict with people. Although my deportment was unbecoming, I commanded respect and recognition among elder people owing to my dynamic identity and perceived sense of self. This fact made me feel that I did not belong to the group of naughty individuals all through my life. At the age of twelve the friends that I had inflicted enorm ous negative influence on me to a omen of being rebellious towards my parents. The new identity I acquired negatively affected my performance in school. It also made me develop disregard for the authorities resulting in occasional conflicts with the teachers. Most of my friends seemed attracted by my reckless behavior and encouraged me to be more notorious instead of rethinking my actions. Although I enjoyed such behaviors, my inner self did not approve of such behaviors making me to develop an epiphany.Communication within childhood groups was easy because the common language that most schools normally used was Arabic that everyone understood. However, nauseated moments arose when we had to use English when interacting with strangers or new group members. It was challenging to join other groups because one had to learn the tactics and practices of the new group as tumefy as know the new group members. Understanding the diverse identities of many people is a challenge for everyon e especially teenagers who have no experience in connecting.

Boing 737 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Boing 737 - Assignment ExampleHowever, in the early 1990s many commercial aircraft manufacturers including Douglas Aircraft, McDonnell Aircraft, and Boeing switched to horizontal integration through mergers. The major drivers to this shift were engineering science that progressively became more specialized, costs of yield using vertical integration became uncompetitive and the dire need for management efficiency. On the other hand, factors such as lower costs due to increased economies of scale and increased market power made Airbus maintain vertical integration.Horizontal industry structure seems to be a benefit since it helped resuscitate Boeing that had stagnated after many years of vertical integration structure. It helped it install a lean system and clean up the production of the 737. The evolution of the auto industry is similar to that of the commercial aircraft industry. Major players in the industry have adopted the lean production system. However, competitive forces are far from being static, and hence vehicle manufacturers can no longer rely on excellence in production only (Shih and Pierson

Construction suveyour to have done layout Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Construction suveyour to have done layout - Essay ExampleThis kind of analyse is known as an as-built survey and is one of the five major elements of construction surveying (Irvine & Maclennan 145). The other major elements include checking conditions prior to commencing a construction trading for example, topography and existing groundwork. The other aspect is to mark and create reference points followed by verification of the location of structures during construction.When the construction surveyor was designing the layout for a municipal street hybridisation in Murfreesboro area, he must have put all the factors into consideration. There was a wide range of factors that were taken into consideration, some were basic whereas others were quite conglomerate in regards to the design and construction. First and foremost, he had to consider the type of pass to be constructed. In addition, the roadway allowances. These factors determine the amount of space to be allocated for the get wind and the general parameters in road construction. The surveyor had to consider the safety aspect of constructing the road where it is located rather than somewhere else. This is because in road construction, the topography is a factor of the union to determine the design of the road as well as, the flow of runoff (Irvine & Maclennan145).Another factor that may seem obvious is the availability of other infrastructure that is. the pre-existing infrastructure and the proximity to the road. Some things like electricity lines, water, and sewer lines may have affected substantially the surveyors decision to position the road as it is now in Murfreesboro. Simple as it may seem, things like the big businessman lines affect profoundly the lighting of the road in that the proximity of the power lines do not determine the availability of the street lights.There are the less obvious considered factors and that still count in choosing the methodology of choosing the design. These inclu de the likes of expect traffic on the road. The amount of

Alabama Department of Corrections Research Paper

Alabama Department of department of corrections - Research Paper ExampleIntroduction Alabama Department of Corrections is the agency responsible for the confinement of convicted inmates in the state of Alabama (Donal, 9). Throughout the history of the agency, it operated a farming system where the prisoners were deployed to the farms as laborers. This effectively ended in 1870, from when the prisoners were rendered idle. The agency seeks to confine, manage and rehabilitate the inmates, while providing them a suitable environment and eventually re-introducing them into the society (Donal, 11). Planning in this agency is do through the egress of monthly plans and statistical reports. Through planning, the department of planning and research produces an annual fiscal report, develops monthly management reports and prepares and analyses models for projections of the agency operations (Donal, 22). The agency evaluates the states and the national punitory standards and aligns their stan dards to these requirements. The agency has a research and planning division that oversees the planning functions of the agency. The accounting division is responsible for making the projections of the agencys annual operational budget. These both divisions are the ones responsible for all the planning, publication and release of the reports prepared by the agency. All the reports have to be analyzed and approved by the higher departmental authority before they are released (Donal, 17). Discussion Problem solving and finality making in the agency follows a well pre-determined procedure. At the helm of decision making is the commissioner of the agency, who is responsible for most of the decisions affecting the agency, including the appointments to key positions of the agency (Donal, 34). It is the authority of the commissioner to determine the qualifications of the deputy commissioners, associate commissioners and other employees of the agency. Subject to the laws issued by the sta te and the national government, the commissioner then appoints some individuals to fill in these positions. The commissioner is also bestowed with the decision making regarding the appropriate divisions that the agency should have (Donal, 45). Decisions regarding the operations of the divisions are made by the various(prenominal) divisional directors. While the accounting divisions director determines the budget for the annual operations of the agency, the research and planning division determines the reports that should be published. However, all the decisions made by the divisions and their directors are subject to the approval of the higher office of the commissioner (Donal, 38). The agency follows well laid bureaucratic models of human relationships, where by one individual is answerable to the other depending on the position they hold in the agency. For example, an associate commissioner of the agency will serve in the positions as required by the commissioner of the agency ( Donal, 50). other example of such bureaucratic relationships is that of the deputy commissioners and the commissioner. The commissioner determines what role the deputy commissioners are to undertake in the agency. He also determines the roles that the employees of the agency should play (Donal, 52). Yet some other demonstration of the bureaucratic nature of the relationships in the agency is the procedures that reports should follow before they are r

Analysis of USA PATRIOT ACT Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis of USA PATRIOT ACT - Research Paper ExampleAt the same time, it enables the federal authorities to identify and intercept communications made with malicious intentions (Henderson, 2001).The fourth amendment does not cloak information such as an individuals flingk and telephone records to and from an individuals account. human activity III of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Street Act of 1968 limits some of the authorities assumption by the patriotism act, while at the same time living a very narrow margin for electronic surveillance (Kraft & Furlong, 2013).The act for certain intended for a close, and symbiotic relation amongst foreign intelligence investigations, criminal investigators, much greater emphasis was in international terrorism cases. Due to this, it fix the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA). Initially to apply for FISA, an order to do some surveillance under FISA required one to certify that the debate for the surveillance is to obtain forei gn intelligence information. This lead to the defendants frequently questioning whether the FISA order was applied to them to avoid the predicate crime threshold. This led to the notion that at that place might be other reasons for the application of the FISA order. Criminal prosecution was in the spotlight, and it was required to end the surveillance or secure an order under Title III (Henderson, 2001).Even though, both foreign intelligence and criminal investigations are carried out in the US. A criminal investigation is after information close to illegal activities whereas foreign intelligence is not restricted to hostile, criminal or governmental activities since what is important is it being foreign (Henderson, 2001). Though a complete ban on FISA Act is not present, the Supreme Court cleared the air by saying presidential authority to attain national security was not enough to excuse warrantless tapping of a suspect with no identifiable foreign connections

International Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

International Management - Essay ExampleWith very ripe infrastructures, Bahrain is a rapidly developing market in the diaphragm East. The country has a strong government with futuristic outlooks which has contributed to the shaping of the nation as a highly mature economy (Dew 2002). There are jumbo numbers of development ventures in progress all over the country which renders the opportunity to expand to Bahrain quite pleasing. The country provides various encouragements to the opportunity of expanding to Bahrain (Dew 2002). Because of its strategic position, some(prenominal) multinational companies have expanded to Bahrain like Nomura Investment Banking, American Express, Citicorp, etc (Sohail 2005). The objective of this essay is to analyze the (1) physical and societal factors, (2) competitive factors, (3) objectives, and (4) strategies and means as they preserve to the blowup of financial institutions to Bahrain, which in this paper will be the The Hong kong and Shanghai B anking Corporation (HSBC). HSBC has its main office in London, and it is one of the major financial institutions in the world. HSBC, just like other global businesses, are gaining from flourishing business in the nitty-gritty East ( However, expansion for HSBC has been beset with difficulties. The company has to deal with external factors, such as those mentioned above, in their pursuit for successful expansion. Physical and Societal Factors The coarse periphery of Bahrain is characterized by a dynamic cultural domain and sophisticated infrastructure. Since 1971, the period it gained its independence from the UK, Bahrain has grown into a wealthy, progressive nation that adopts the union of its culture with its quest for prosperity (Gillespie & Gritzner 2002). Nowadays, the country tries to build a more advanced(a) state which values and merges its time-honored cultural practices (Dew 2002). Gaining knowledge and making sense of this exceptional culture and its related business cu stoms is critical to the success of expansion plan of HSBC to Bahrain. Some of the factors that the management of HSBC should take into account are the business-related social practices of Bahrainis. For instance, the society of Bahrain is deeply rule-inclined with laws, policies, and other control systems established to lessen the insecurity and rove in force the authority of leaders (Dew 2002). This quite rigid hierarchical structure is embodied in the prescribed communication method of the general macrocosm of Bahrain. The use of prescribed greetings and distinctions or titles is important (Dew 2002). For instance, when a person enters an office for the startle time, s/he should shake hands with the highest ranking officer first using their certain distinctions. This information is vital to the human resources management of HSBC. Competitive Factors The banking sector in Bahrain is considered as one of the most competitive in the Middle East. The government vigorously and expl icitly seeks for foreign investments and views them as crucial to the countrys economic success (Laulajainen 2003). Banking and financial organizations in Bahrain are involved in a traditional business environment and trade-oriented culture that prospers from the foreign investments (Chiline 2002). The corporate banking culture in Bahrain welcomes foreign companies eagerly and attracts foreign

The Enduring Wisdom of the Spiritual Master Essay

The Enduring Wisdom of the Spiritual Master - Essay ExampleShe attributed her recovery to St. Joseph, to which she remained devoted. However, her life changed subsequently she experienced the sorely wounded Christs vision.After experiencing the vision, Teresa encountered a number of ecstatic experiences that influenced her into focusing more on the passion of Christ. The visions acted as her brainish that influenced her into setting herself to the reorganization of her order. She began this reformation by attempting to master herself, as intimately as adhere to her rule. She tried to create a primitive Carmelite by gathering some of her Sisters in Carmel to concretize her idea of a monastery. She received support from St. Peter of Alcantara, her confessor and a number of learned individuals as she started to work towards the acquisition idea. This idea materialized in 1562 aft(prenominal) the clothing of the four novices and the opening of St. Joseph Monastery.Teresas external ac tivities were adjunct to her internal spiritual graces (Cannata 2). The realization of her idea made her happy, after which she tenaciously resisted several revelations for about two years. Subsequently, she experienced the initial intellectual and non-intellectual visions depicting Christs humanity. This humanity became the heart of her loving attention, as well as the source of the intimate graces she was able to enjoy for several years. Her possession of the love of God created in her an enormous desire to see God and to hand so that she could see Him. These graces were necessary for sustaining her as she was trying to actualize and reinforce her reformation work.Teresa received confirmation for the will to work courageously for Gods glory since her intention was to save the many souls that were being lost. Upon visiting Avila, John Baptist Rossi authorized Teresa to establish other monasteries of nuns. This authorization led her to institute several monasteries

Management accounting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Management accounting - Assignment ExampleThe report elaborates the cash budget, budgeted income statement and budgeted statement of financial position based on the uncommitted data that is estimated by Edith. Thus, it helps her to recognize the benefits and deficiency of her financial plan to start the new business. The capital budgeting techniques are applied to evaluate the financial position of the business. The sensibility analysis is also executed for examining the effect of change in cost of sales and price on cash flow. The calculations are depicted in the surpass sheet however, the tables are provided in the report to discuss about the financial viability of the business.The table above highlights the fact that the business will group meeting highly displace ending cash balance during the period from January to June 2015. The fluctuation is shown in the figure provided below.From the above figure it can be concluded that the business will encounter fluctuations in endin g cash balance due to the variations in sales and expenditure of the business. Hence, it can be stated that the estimated sales value are not appropriate for the business. Edith needs to revise it for increasing the ending cash balance during the referred time period.Abudgeted income statementconsist all the items that are present in the income statements of a particular company (Baker and English, 2011 Balakrishnan, Sivaramakrishnan and Sprinkle, 2009). The only difference is that the income statements are prepared after considering the actual value of the business whereas the budgeted income statements is a projection of the income statement during budgeting periods in the future. A budgeted income statement is prepared for Ediths business to highlight its profit or loss at the end of 2015. The budgeted income statement is prepared for one course of instruction staring from January 2015 to December 2015 (including both months).The table provided above evaluates the profit of Edit hs

Natural hazard and disasters - floods Assignment

Natural hazard and disasters - floods - Assignment ExampleFloods are very devastating natural phenomenon. It is a temporary aim wherein dry lands are swamped with irrigates coming from the outflow of rivers, tidal waters, or from the unusual rapid accumulation of water from any source. Types of floods are riverine floods, flash flooding, encounter surge, and dam failure. Riverine floods are caused by heavy rainfall when catch basins are no longer able to hold excess water. Storm surge in coastal areas due to a tidal wave, high tide, tsunami or hurricane. Dam failures are explosion of dams due to earthquake that cause great floods in surmount streams. Another kind of flood and most common is the flash floods that can occur almost anywhere when there is a sudden burst of severe rainfall wherein drainage is either clogged or it has not enough capacity to absorb. Usually, flash floods stay only for short hours. It is unlike river flooding that occurs in low-lying areas adjacent to r iver and streams that stays flooded for several days.(Geoscience Australia, August 2013.) 2. Explain the system used to classify floods. Several systems of floods classifications have been suggested by engineers and scientists, but I have not found a universal application that is appropriate for a region. For instance, Luke Howard Classification System (n.d.), depends on clouds classification. Accordingly, his system has been used for many years. For Luke, the bearing of clouds formation dictates the amount of rainfall. But to me, this is not the systematic way of classifying floods. Experts today have arrived at a more methodological manner of classifying floods. The National geographic (2013) say hydrologists used past flood images to predict when and where floods could happen, but since these are only estimates, climate , weather, and land can change. Soil scientists study how much water the soil can absorb. The type of soil and the amount of groundwater tells the hydrologist how much more water the earth can absorb. They also determine the amount of water a runoff can absorb. Runoff water comes from natural processes such as excess irrigation, industrial wastes and sewage. Hydrologists also evaluate snowfall and snowpack. Snowfalls are also said to be contributory to flooding, and when snow melts, the grounds may not be able to absorb too much water (National Geographic 2013). Today, our weather station use modern technology such as Doppler radar. This system helps meteorologist predict floods, it also shows them how severe a storm would be. Doppler system allows scientists to detect weather pattern and to create computerized images of rainfall. There are also automated gauges placed in rivers that measure the height and speed of river currents, and the amount of rainfall received. Scientists also designed a geographic information system that helps them to warn people if the river will overrun its banks and floods are expected. 2. Discuss the 1913 flood which occurred in Dayton, Ohio with regards to a. The nature of the event. The Great flood in Miami in 1913 has been described as the worst flood ever experienced in the region. A large amount of rainfall that fell continuously in three days, coupled by snow melting winter produced a run-off of streams in the Miami River and other rivers to overflow. These run-offs caused every city along the river to be inundated with floodwaters . b. Issues this instant related to the impact of the event . According to the report of Miami Conservancy District, more than 360 people lost their lives and property damage exceeded $100 million (thats more than $2 billion in todays economy).The amount of water that passed through the river channel in Dayton equaled the amount of water that flows over Niagara Falls in a four-day period (MCD, 2009) . c. Lessons learned and actions taken as a result of the event. People were really unprepared for this tragedy so that the citizens of Miami, came together to make plans to prevent

The Convergence of Physical and Information Security Research Paper

The Convergence of Physical and Information Security - Research musical theme ExampleThere before, organizations and enterprises substance abused to protect their assets chiefly with the use of physical efforts such as guns and gates. However, this has become an obsolete idea straightaway since people today are now using passwords and effortless systems to protect their assets. ISSA, ISACA, and ASIS are slips of the 3 main surety organizations that endorse security convergence. A few years ago, the three organizations came up with the Enterprise Security Risk Management with the intention of enhancing effortless security.Using the example of Smart Cards, we see a very good example of the convergence between the buildings (physical), the PCS and the networks (information). Before we go deep into the topic, it would be important we understand the point of convergence between the two concepts as this will attend us learn why the discussion is so important today. When we talk abo ut the physical security, we mean the traditional form of protection that focused primarily on the use of effort to protect the assets owned by an organization (Conference Board of Canada, 2011). During this time, organizations, mainly used guns, electric fences, security fences and guns to guard their territory. Physical security officers will in that case be made up of law enforcement officers. These officers had specific departments who will in return report to risk management offices and departments. The use of such systems and tools was predominant a few decades ago. Today, things start widely changed and people are no longer using effort to protect their assets. This has been defined as information security. With the use of information security, firms are widely using passwords and software gadgets to protect their assets from unauthorized access and use (Contos, 2007). Staffs under information security have well established technical backgrounds as their intention is to use as a minimum effort as possible in protecting the assets an

Select 3 Decision Making Tools Studied in the Managing Decisions Essay

Select 3 finale Making Tools Studied in the Managing Decisions Module and Evaluate their Advantages and Disadvantages - Essay deterrent exampleIndividuals as wholesome as groups make decisions as a reaction to a problem in most cases. Robbins (1993) concurs with this assertion when he states that decision qualification takes place when there is a discrepancy between some current state of affairs and some desired state requiring consideration of alternative courses of action. Decision making is one of the primary responsibilities of all the employees given that they be somehow affected by the decisions made in the organisation. There are various tools or methods that can be implemented in carrying out the decision making process. Against this background, this report seeks to critically evaluate the lift of decision making through instruction on three methods that can be used in decision making and these include the followers dispatch management, knowledge management as well a s delegation management The report will outline the advantages and disadvantages of each decision making tool mentioned above and the third part will revolve around on how these methods can be combined in order to improve decision making in business. 1.1 Outline of the business opportunity Blue tavern is an established bar but has recently experienced a decline in profits mainly as a result of lack of coordination among the employees which has resulted in some customers leaving without served. However, the management has underscored to implement a decision implement a new information system in a bid to unblock around the fortunes of the company. As such, this report seeks to reflect on the benefits and limitations of the approach used in developing this business opportunity. As going to be shown in the following sections, a critique of the effectiveness of the decision making methods mentioned above will be carried. 2.0 Project management The term project is used to describe a se t of linked activities which can be described as a onetime activity with a well defined set of desired results (Burke, 2007). A project is usually comprised of a definite start as well as finishing time and goes according to schedule. Project management plays a glacial role in order for any project to be a success and it involves the following factors that often affect the full implementation of a project scheduling, budgeting, communication and estimating. Essentially, the purpose of project management is to provide management with valid data upon which management decisions can be based (http//www.pim.com.pk/faq.htm). A holistic approach is required in order for a project as the one outlined above to be a success given that there are negative implications likely to be encountered during the course of implementing the project. Project management is often seen as a viable method of making decisions which often affect diverse projects. However, this method may have its shortcomings hence the following section is going to critically eva

Comparing and contrasting the information presented by Glaze and Essay

Comparing and contrasting the information presented by Glaze and Forster - Essay ExampleThey move from one grove section in the small town to another and camp at groves, which become recognised as initiation posts. The forest can also be considered a grove.The Senufo people have a secret society of custody called the Poro with the members called Colobele and one member called a Colo. This society has different season grades which have differing responsibilities. According to Forster, the minor age group consists of men aged 20 years (Forster, 1993). A more senior Poro tests the younger age grade by asking them passwords using the secret language of the society. The age group above the junior Poro also teaches the junior Poro the work they should do. In the farmers category, the junior Poro carry out tasks in the field where they be not allowed to speak to other members in the village. When comparing the two, Glaze (1986) mainly foc intakes on the ceremonial activities. She explai ns activities such(prenominal) as the initiation ceremony. As per her explanation, the junior Poro use their masks to story tell. This activity by Poro happens to be the only similarity in the activities between Glazes and Forsters explanation.The Poro practice different activities in their chance(a) routine. Some of these practises have a spiritual inclination, whereas others have a practical inclination. The activities described by Glaze have the spiritual inclination (Glaze, 1986). These revolve around rituals such as initiation, funerals and use of masquerades. Those described by Forster seek practical solutions such as food, devising equipment and ornaments. Forster also goes on to describe spiritual activities such as dancing in the masks (Forster, 1993). The spiritual activities have ceremonies such as initiation whereby procedures with a symbolic meaning occur. For the practical procedures, goals such as obtaining food, making equipment and ornaments happen to be the main objective.The Senufo people have various forms

Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 5

Entrepreneurship - Essay ExampleIn addition, an enterpriser is primarily responsible for successful development as well as failure of any business. The topic wherein the people conduct activities relating to entrepreneurship based operations is known as entrepreneurship ecosystem (Sharma & Chrisman, 1999).In relation to the above context, the intent of the essay is to describe about the notion of entrepreneurship with upper limit focus on various significant aspects. These aspects generally entail entrepreneurial attitudinal behaviours, skill development and values among others.An entrepreneur is regarded as the main or primordial organiser of a company. It is strongly believed that without the help as well as the total involvement of an entrepreneur, the businesses could not be able to attain their respective targets. It is deserving mentioning that an entrepreneur should possess several traits of a mogul in his or her behaviour. More specifically, it can be elaborated that an e ntrepreneur should remain confident maculation performing any activity. The presence of confidence within the nature of an entrepreneur is a behavioural trait of a successful businessman. Moreover, it is also reckoned as a hallmark for the entrepreneurs (Action COACH Business Coaching, 2014). Apart from the above stated attributes, an entrepreneur must bear positive attitudes during the entire tenure of the business process. These positive attitudes will certainly increase or improve in building the key skills of an entrepreneur. In terms of behaviour, attitude as well as skill development, an entrepreneur should have the focus over capturing the need for achievements, open-mindedness, vagueness, locus of control as well as risk taking tendency. An entrepreneur should have the flexibility in its behaviour, so it can address the changes made in external as well as internal business factors. More

Marketing Events Plan for Ocean Spray Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing Events Plan for oceanic scatter - Essay employmentHowever, it will take the management team various processes to come up with an effective commercialiseing circumstance strategy. From market and situational analysis, to planning, execution and even up to effect evaluation, the marketing communications team has to pay attention to every detail, be conscious of market and competitor trends to be able to position the improved household accordingly. Taste of Christmas in one of the channels that management is tapping to assist them into achieving their business and corporate objectives. Ocean Sprays participation in this popular event is seen as a milestone and a major stepping stone towards further market advantage. II. INTRODUCTION Ocean Sprays monumental re-launch of its cranberry sauce nervous strain is all set to happen this December. Having completed its Product Development in the third quarter of this year, and its complete production this November, the company i s ready to introduce to the market its improved product draw and quarter the all new Wholeberry and Smooth Cranberry Sauce in the new Orbit Easy open lid. Part of its Marketing communication theory Plan is a massive and country wide re launch implementation that will encompass both above the line and below the line marketing efforts. Kicking off with the tri-media ad placements simultaneously released in December 1, the Marketing Communications team will stage a series of exhibits and events sponsorships the self-coloured of December, in time for the holidays. The aim is to sustain the tri media ad placements and continue building up market interest in this product innovation. The biggest anticipated event is Ocean Sprays participation in the Taste of Christmas London Exhibition, an annual event showcasing the citys best culinary offerings. With the target market captured in a perfect setting, where food sampling often leads to repeat product purchase and loyalty, Ocean Sprays m anagement is optimistic on detective work up on their year-end targets during and after this three-day event. This Marketing and Events plan seeks to outline the companys event objectives by providing an analysis of the previous marketing and sales for this particular product line. It further aims to illustrate the execution plan through a discussion of the processes entailed to possibly reach the given objectives. III. ANALYSIS The plan to insert in the citys biggest annual food festival is in synchrony with the companys 5-year marketing and business objectives, which is to push Ocean Sprays Wholeberry and Smooth Cranberry Sauce as the leading product in the UK under its category. The Ocean Spray Cranberry Sauce was introduced in the UK in the 70s and has since become a popular brand, often associated with roast Turkey. The company welcomed the 90s with the vision of further market international expansion, therefore exerting more marketing efforts overseas, including the UK (Oce an Spray 2011). For over a go now, it has become the leading cranberry sauce brand, ahead of the locally produced Schwartz Cranberry Sauce (Schwartz 2011) and other imported cranberry sauce brands, Canadas Port Cranberry and Australias Woods Cranberry Sauce. Distributed by Ocean Spray International Services (UK) Ltd., it estimates annual sales of $ 3,199, 473 (Ocean Spray International Services UK Ltd 2011). However, in 2010, there was a noteworthy decline in company sales in the UK,

Presocratic Philosophy Essay Example for Free

Presocratic Philosophy EssayAlthough Aristotles statement is too slight to serve as a sure as shooting foundation for judgment, it seems more likely that Thales was arguing for the broader presence of life forces in the world than most people imagined, rather than that the real in its totality is alive. Anaximander Thales young contemporary from Miletus, Anaximander, born toward the end of the seventh degree Celsius B. C. E. , found the explanatory principle of matters in what he c alled the apeiron, a word that might be translated as the indefinite, the boundless, or both. This opens up the possibility that the apeiron is both immeasurably large in its temporal and physical extent and also qualitatively indefinite in that it is without measurable inner boundaries. The apeiron is further draw, according to Aristotle, as being without beginning, surrounding all things, steering all things, divine, immortal, and indestructible. Some consent inferred that Anaximanders b are ly concealed pattern was Western philosophys first attempt at demythologization.Equally striking is Anaximanders description of the universe as a closed, concentric system, the outer(a) spheres of which, by their everlasting motion, account for the stability of our earth, a drum-shaped body held everlastingly in a state of equipoise at the center. Whatever the inadequacy in certain details (the stars are placed nearer to the earth than the moon), with Anaximander the science of cosmological speculation took a giant step forward. As far as life on earth is concerned, Anaximander offered an other(a)wise striking hypothesis.The first living things, according to him, were born in moisture, enclosed in thorny barks (like sea urchins), and as their age increased, they came forth onto the drier part (as phrased by Aetius first to second century C. E. ). Pythagoras Although we know that Pythagoras was a historical figure, it is difficult to determine exactly what Pythagoras himself taught . He wrote nonentity, and the ideas of other members of the community were attributed to him as a sign of respect and as a way of lending weight to the ideas.Plato and Aristotle rarely assign ideas to Pythagoras himself, although Pythagorean ideas seem to have influenced Platos philosophy. Pythagoreans asseverate that number is the first principle of all things. They were the first systematic developers of mathematics in the West and discovered that natural events could be described in mathematical terms, especially as ratios. To the Pythagoreans, the principle of number accounted for everything. Number was a real thing. Somehow, numbers existed in space, not just as psychogenic constructs.According to Pythagorean doctrine, the entire universe is an ordered whole consisting of harmonies of contrasting elements. The Greek for ordered whole is population. The Pythagoreans were the first philosophers to use the term cosmos to arouse to the universe in this way. The celestial music of the spheres is the hauntingly beautiful phrase the Pythagoreans coined to describe the sound of the heavens as they rotate according to cosmic number and harmony. Xenophanes A fourth Ionian philosopher, Xenophanes of Colophon, born around 580 B. C. E. , s the first we know of to overtly attack the anthropomorphism of popular religious belief, in a series of brilliant reductio ad absurdum arguments. His own view has been understood, ever since Aristotle, as pantheistic. Xenophanes was also the first philosopher we know of to ask what degree of knowledge is attainable. In B34 we take away the clear and certain truth no man has seen, nor will at that place be anyone who knows more or less the gods and what I say about all things. Several antediluvian critics took this to be an indication of Xenophanes total scepticism.On this basis of moderate empiricism and scepticism, Xenophanes offered a number of opinions of varying plausibility about the natural world, one of whicha stro ng, evolutionary interpretation of the discovery on various islands of fossils of marine animalsis enough to constitute a major claim to fame in natural philosophy and ranks with his other significant steps in epistemology (the theory of knowledge dealing with what we know, how we know it, and how reliable our knowledge is), logic (the study of rational inquiry and argumentation), and natural piety (the attempt to understand God from natural knowledge).Heraclitus One of the most important and enigmatic of the Presocratics, Heraclitus (fl . 500 b. c. e. , d. 510480 b. c. e. ), said that ignorance is bound to result when we try to understand the cosmos when we do not even comprehend the basic structure of the human psyche (soul) and its relationship to the Logos. The complex Greek word logos is intriguing.It could and at measure did mean all of the following intelligence, speech, discourse, thought, reason, word, meaning, study of, the record of, the science of, the fundamental prin ciples of, the basic principles and procedures of a particular discipline, those features of a thing that make it intelligible to us, and the rationale for a thing. The Heraclitean capital L Logos is like God, only without the anthropomorphizing (humanizing) of the earlier philosophers and poets who attributed human qualities to the gods.According to Heraclituss impersonal view of God, the Logos is a process, not an entity. As such, the Logos is unconcerned with individuals and human affairs, in much the same way that gravity affects us but is unconcerned with us. More radically yet, Heraclitus asserted that even though things appear to remain the same, Change alone is unchanging. Traditionally, it has been held that Heraclitus went so far as to claim that everything is always changing all the time. But whether he really meant that everything is always changing, or that individual things are held together by energy (change), remains unclear.Anaximenes Anaximanders younger contempo rary, Anaximenes, who lived during the sixth century B. C. E. appears to revert to a prior and less sophisticated vision in claiming that the earth, far from being a drum-shaped body held in equipoise at the center, is flat and rides on, supported by air. The same might be said of his contention that the basic, divine principle of things was not some indefinite entity but something very much part of our get namely, air.Anaximenes view would also no doubt have seemed to be corroborated by the circumstance that the universe, third estately understood as a living thing and whence needing a soul to vivify it, possessed in air that very breath that for most Greeks constituted the essence of such a soul. Parmenides Parmenides of Elea (fift h century b. c. e. ) radically transformed the early philosophers interest in cosmology, the study of the universe as a rationally ordered system (cosmos), into ontology, the study of being. By common agreement he was the giant among the pre-Socratic s.According to Parmenides, none of his predecessors adequately accounted for the process by which the one basic stuff of the cosmos changes into the many individual things we sleep together every day. In his search for a solution to the problem of the one and the many, Parmenides turned to a reasoned analysis of the process of change itself. According to Parmenides, all sensations occur in the realm of appearance. This means that reality cannot be apprehended by the senses. Change and variety (the many) are only appearances they are not real. If this is true, wherefore our most commonly held beliefs about reality are mere opinions.The senses cannot recognize what is, much less can they discoverobserveit, ever. In other words, whatever we see, touch, taste, hear, or smell is not real, does not exist. Perhaps most unsettling of all, Parmenides solved the problem of the appearance of change by concludingin direct antagonist to Heraclituss insistence that everything is always changi ngthat the very concept of change is self-contradictory. What we think of as change is merely an illusion. The logic runs as follows Change equals switch into something else.When a thing becomes something else, it becomes what it is not. But since it is impossible for nothing (what is not) to exist, there is no nothing into which the old thing can disappear. (There is no no place for the thing to go into. ) Therefore, change cannot occur. Empedocles posited, against Parmenides, change and plurality as features of reality, but affirmed the eternality of anything that is real the sphere-like nature of the real when looked at as a totality and the fact that the real is a plenum, containing no nothingness or emptiness.Anaxagoras likewise posited change, plurality, and divisibility as features of reality, yet also affirmed the eternality of the real (understood by him as an everlastingly existent mixture of the seeds of the things currently constituting the world, rather than the etern al combinings and recombinings, according to certain ratios of admixture, of four eternally existent roots or elemental masses). Leucippus Leucippus of Miletus (c. fi ft h century b. c. e. ) and Democritus of Abdera (c. 460370 b. . e. ) argued that reality consists entirely of empty space and ultimately simple entities that combine to form objects. T is materialistic view is known as atomism. Leucippus is ascribe with being the originator of atomism and Democritus with developing it. Rather than reject Parmenides assertion that change is an illusion, Leucippus argued that reality consists of many discrete ones, or beings. Zeno Zeno, who was born early in the fifth century B. C. E. , was a friend and pupil of Parmenides.In his famous paradoxes he attempted to show by a series of reductio ad absurdum arguments, of which the best known is perhaps that of Achilles and the tortoise, the self-contradictory consequences of maintaining that there is a real plurality of things or that motio n or place are real. The prima facie wizard of many of the arguments continues to impress people, though it soon becomes clear that the paradoxes turn largely on the failure or unwillingness of Zeno, like so many Pythagoreans of the day, to get by between the concepts of physical and geometrical space.Zenos way of constructing the problem makes it seem that his primary object is to defame pluralists by attacking the logical possibility of explaining how there can be motion in the world. Gorgias Gorgias has achieved fame for the stress he laid upon the art of persuasion (rhetoric), although whether he wrote the baffling On What Is Not as a serious piece of persuasive reasoning or as some sort of spoof of the Eleatic philosophy of Parmenides and others remains disputed.Its basic, and remarkable, claim is prima facie, that nothing in fact is (exists /is the case esti or is knowable or conceivable. Any exiguous plausibility that the arguments supporting this claim possess turns on our overlooking Gorgiass failure, witting or unwitting, to distinguish carefully between knowing and thinking, along with his various uses of the verb to be. If the failure was witting, the document can be seen as a proficient device for the spotting of fallacies as part of training in rhetoric and basic reasoning.If it was unwitting, Gorgias still emerges as what he was claimed to bea deft rhetorical wordsmith on any topic proposed to him. Protagoras Perhaps the greatest of the Sophists was Protagoras of Abdera (481 411 b. c. e. ). Protagoras was an archetypal Sophist an active traveler and first-rate observer of other cultures who noted that although there are a variety of customs and beliefs, each culture believes unquestioningly that its own ways are rightand roundly condemns (or at least criticizes) views that differ from its own. ground on his observations and travels, Protagoras concluded that morals are nothing more than the social traditions, or mores, of a society or group. The details of Protagorass beliefs remain disputed. When he said, for example, that anthropos humanity is a/the measure for all things, of things that are, that they are, and of things that are not, that they are not, it is unclear whether he is talking about one person or the sum total of persons about a measure or the measure (there is no definite article in Greek) or about existence or states of affairs or both.The Platonic reading in the Theaetetus, which takes anthropos as generic and measure as exclusive, led to the assertion that the logical consequence was total (and absurd) relativism. ______________________________ References The capital of South Carolina History of Western Philosophy. Richard H. Popkin. Columbia University Press. 1999. Archetypes of Wisdom An Introduction to Philosophy. 7th ed. Douglas J. Soccio. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. 2010.