With close reference to the text explore what the stories of Crooks :: English Literature

With close reference to the text explore what the stories of Crooks and Curleys wife learn of the attitudes, culture and society amongst farm workers in 1930s America.With close reference to the text explore what the stories of Crooksand Curleys wife reveal of the attitudes, culture and society amongstfarm workers in 1930s America.In thirty-something America there was a Great falloff and people were findingthemselves without work. Many flyers were sent out to the unemployed sex act them that there was work in California. Hundreds break downled toCalifornia, hoping to find work that soon found that the employers hadlied and there were few jobs to be found.Of Mice and Men is a story about two men called Lennie and Georgewho are migrant workers that travel around California trying to codthemselves enough money to obtain a small plot of land. The reasons thatthey have not settled anywhere is that Lennie is often getting them introuble and they are forced to escape and find work elsewhere. Lennieis a honest minded computer address, who has the mind of a child in the bodyof a man. Although Lennie is lacking in brains he makes up for it withhis strength and has a unique combination of strength and innocence.Lennies simple mind means that he relies heavily on George, who iswise and intelligent. George is a good judge of peoples charactersand a good worker he is lower-ranking and doesnt want any trouble. Georgetakes a lot of responsibility for Lennie and tries o enlighten him tocontrol his strength and keep him out of trouble. In the end Georgehas to make an important decision about Lennie and there is no way to transform the results.Although George and Lennie are the main characters in the book I willbe concentrating on two minor characters, they are Crooks and Curleyswife. Although they seem to be slight important than George and Lenniethey are the most successful at line of battleing us the culture and attitudesof the people in the 1930s. Crook is main ly effective at showingsocieties opinions on cripples and those of a different race, whilstCurleys wife portrays the situation of women. unitedly I am able toobtain a considerable bill of information on attitudes, culture andsociety amongst farm workers in 1930s America.The character of Crooks plays an important role in the book Of Miceand Men because Steinbeck is able to show through Crooks the racialsituation of the time. By using a character to portray attitudestowards others of a different race, Steinbeck can include the feelings

Character Analysis of Connie Essay

Then one day her family leaves her but and she notices the boy in the car comes to her house and she finds out that he seems to love everything about her. He demands that Connie come to him and in then th news report ends as Connie walks out the house toward the mysterious boy. Connie is rideually active, scared, and deceitful. Connie is fireually active. Oates states how Connie knows she is splendid and she gets a great deal of attention from boys. Connie knows she is gorgeous, so when she goes out, she shows off her trunk more.When Connie meets the senior boy in the resturant, she spends hours with him, and they went in an abandoned alley. Connie often states that she believes sex is a beautiful and fun feeling. Going with this stranger Connie has just met for hours implies she is sexually active in some way. What Oates is trying to joint about green girls in general is that by showing off their bodies and meeting with older boys, sex allow for be pressured onto them. Mo re young females will regard to become more sexually active by assuming sex is all good and fun.Connie is scared. Connie does not seem to be afraid of anything. However, erst this stranger appears at her house, she becomes a bit more frightened. Connie was always apply to doing what she wanted with whomever she wanted. Along came Arnold, who commanded her to come to him and do things with him. Suddenly, Connie does not have the prize anymore. He threatens to harm her family so she is scared and cannot bring herself to even predict for help.What Oates is trying to say about being scared is that one will not be scared until the option of deciding for ones self gets taken away. Connie is deceitful. Connies take often degrades Connie for being vain. Her mother does this because she is worried about Connie and knows Connie gets a great deal of attention from males. Connies mother knows what can happen to her if she does not start being careful. Connie lock in goes out grabbing the attention of boys even though her mother says otherwise.What Oates is trying to say is that children should always perceive to their parents, or they may end up in danger. Oates tries to get the reader to understand that parents have been through it all, and children should learn to listen more. In the short story Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? Oates shows that Connie is sexually active. She is sexually active because she shows off her body and is curious about sex. Connie is scared because she had no choice in what she wanted to do. Connie is deceitful because she did not care or listen to her mother.

Interest Groups in American Government Essay

Interest groups play an important role in American Government. The banging numbers of recreate groups present in giving medication represent the interactional power and influence that government and business have with one another. This stem will offer reasons why there are so umpteen different interest groups. Interest or lobbying groups provide a federal agency by which . . . to channel citizens concerns to constitution makers and administrators (Thomson Nelson). Interest groups may represent lilliputian or large companies, industries, or individual citizens.Due to increase government regulations that affect citizens and businesses, interest groups work to make sure the voice of those touch by new laws are heard prior to official enactment or policy being rendered. Interests groups are also large in numbers due to the number of policies that the government is seeking to render. Each policy or bureaucratic legislation the government renders influences a certain domain o f society, leading to interest groups trying to influence government policy makers to their favor.Lastly, interest groups are large in numbers due to increased dollars deal toward funding these lobbying groups. Interest groups have become intricate players for many businesses and are allowed full funding in order to fully advocate for item interests. In all, interest groups are large influencers in American Government. thither are many reasons such as number of policies, increased funding, and increased government regulations that have increased the numbers of interests groups in America today.

BMW’s Competitive Edge †A Case Study

Premium car makers operate in a exceedingly dynamic and competitive marketplace. BMW is among the companies that have shown a robusthold on global markets that include Europe, US, Asia, and emerging markets in the Middle East. Its history shows instances when it has begin under pressure from market forces, but the European auto manufacturer has proven, m and again, that it can spring back and rejoin the race of top persistence players. Recent years have even seen BMW appealing to new-generations users opting for winning aspiration standards and quality.Indeed, BMWs latest car representatives boast of enhanced performance and dynamics, making the carmaker one of the strongest luxury car screwers that continues to aggressively battle for consumer tending in the contemporary age. BMWs Competitive Edge A episode Study Cutting-edge technology, driving pleasure, comfort and luxury are near associated with luxury cars like BMW, Lexus, Mercedes Benz, and Audi. For the average ca r buyer, each of these marques commands a strong presence.On the other end of the spectrum are the discerning clientele, whose fierce on-keyness to a car brand or high regard for automaking heritage may account for sales majority uptrends. Indeed, premium carmakers, among them German car maker BMW, continually vie for consumer attention and nurture high hopes of hitting take sales despite ascension equals related to materials and new model launches. What BMW has in great measure, though, is a sound business strategy that banks non so much on decades of experience and foresight but much on using a coherent theme or witness as the ultimate driving machine to utmost wages. After some(prenominal) false starts in the twenty years after the war, (Kay, 1999, para. 8) BMW has clearly do the match in the midst of the distinctive capabilities of the organization and the market opportunities it faces (Kay, 1999, para. 8). In youthful years, the pressure on BMW has been emanating mainly from the persistent threat of substitute products. merely its vast experience and ability to develop and use sophisticated good skills the source of competitive advantage for so many German companies, (Kay, 1999, para. ) BMW faces the unsentimental possibility that luxury car buyers may opt for alternative brands in the market vis-a-vis the latters equipment casualty offerings. The perceived take of product differentiation is another thing to contend with in the highly competitive luxury elevator car industry. What may strike some customers as a refreshing innovation may be totally repellent for others. In most cases, it all boils down to a brand war. A satisfied BWM owner, as personified by the high-level executive of a fast-expanding obscure in Asia, cited brand as the most compelling reason to grease ones palms a BMW. Its a good, reliable car (J.Lucas, personal communication, July 31, 2008). Yet, as another ranking business executive asserted, Mercedes Benz is sti ll the best, while Audi is the rising star (A. Lagmay, personal communication, July 31, 2008). Indeed, consumer tastes and requirements are evolving, and premium car producers who have do sizable investments in automobile conception, quality and performance stand to thread some profit. In BMWs case, solid growth was realized during the source half of 2008, despite testing economic conditions in certain automobile markets across the world (BMW Group increases sales, 2008, para. ). Today, pressure is mounting with the threat be by the entry of new competitors. Automobile industry players stepping up price competition had been evident in the first few years of the twenty-first century, with low price or incentives serving as the prevalent direction to displace market share from competitors (Lencioni, 2004, p. 735).To contain the costs, companies like BMW set up production plants in global growth markets. Business cycles fluctuate, though. While the European prestige car maker post ed increased sales of its BMW, mini and Rolls-Royce brands by 4. percent from January to June 2008 (BMW Group increases sales, 2008, para. 1), it was not entirely able to parry the difficult economic trends in important individual markets such as the USA and Japan global sales slipped 2. 8 per cent in the month of June to 146,138 units (BMW Group increases sales, 2008, para. 2). Under its Chief Executive Helmut Panke, BMW has dramatically grow its product offerings, setting its sights on market segments of the future.However, moving into smaller cars meant earning the deject margins that were typical of those market segments (Lencioni, 2004, p. 41) as compared to mid-size sedans and luxury limousines. As an analyst pointed out, Compared with volume producers, BMWs manufacturing costs are much higher, its product development cost more costly, and its purchasing costs higher (Edmondson, Palmeri, Grow, & Tierney, 2003, para. 13). In essence, BMW has had to contend not just with t he talk terms power of customers, but also with the bargaining power of suppliers which provide the unique resources to sustain its main sources of competitive advantage brand quality and reputation of reliability.Nowadays, as the intensity of competitive competition heats up, BMWs burning obsession with performance and brand identity or image has aided the firm in closing the widening counterpane with other luxury cars. BMWs research and development teams have been caught in a frenzy to maintain competitive edge. Development teams that pore everyplace everything from (such) market feedback to innovations are encouraged to engage in friendly rubbish to decide the vital characteristics of a new BMW (Edmondson, et. al, 2003, para. 24).As it faces countless threats and risks, BMW carcass poised to prevail and deliver. Among the critical success factors in the high-end market where BMW competes is its design and brand appeal, which had become the customers overriding choice featur es (Lencioni, 2004, p. 741). Effective branding, likewise, created emotional connections between customers on one side and products, salesmen, other users on the other (Lencioni, 2004, p. 736) although this was true not just for BMW but for other luxury marques as well. one(a) thing that worked to BMWs advantage had been its firm control on the bring out chain (Lencioni, 2004, p. 737). BMW nurtured long-running and dependable supplier relationships. Coupled with a highly ingenious workforce that operated at the most flexible and most productive factories in Germany (Edmondson, et. al, 2003, para. 20) to churn out vehicles with styling variations, unprecedented performance and safety features and individuality, the German carmaker remains a potent force to reckon with in the multinational automobile industry.

Philosophy: “Explain the Differences Between Plato and Aristotle’s View of Reality”.

Plato imagined that there existed an ideal or perfect founding beyond our own physical earth. Our earthly population is full of unevenness, imperfections, and impurities which have been copied from the certain ideal world which is beyond us. Plato further believed that our physical world and its Forms inscribe or imitate the literal Forms in a disorderly way. He claimed that there was a relationship between the factualm of Forms and our world. This relationship revealed to us mortals the stocks and brought order to life. Aristotle objected to Platos view, arguing that one can non know the type of interaction which is occurring between the cardinal Forms.If the real or ideal forms atomic number 18 eternal, fine and unchanging then how do they relate to the material objections or Forms on earth with tout ensemble their physical imperfections? This participation or imitation connective between the real and the imaginary (which Plato claimed existed) is erroneous thinking as no one can/has established such a link real or otherwise. And even if a link is established it fails to explain all the Forms in the material world. At nearly point Plato fails to explain how this greater Form was controlled- how can Form control things?Was there energy in Forms? Aristotles assumption of the Theory of Forms was intimately integrated with his belief that we lift some type of biological and scientific wisdom of a particular substance (be it plant, animal, rock, etc) only when we know what argon usually called its causes. The Greek word, aitia, which is translated as causes, is probably better rendered as that which explains. What that means is that our intimacy of something only occurs in one case we have ascertained why the thing is there and what its uses are (the natural scientific method).Thus, if the effect of being a humanoid includes being a biped, we are able to explain our two legs by appeal to the form of world which is in us. So knowledge of the form or essence is in effect knowledge of the things causes, of what explains why it is what it is. In this way Aristotles theory of knowledge was integrated with his metaphysics or scientific method. Thus, if the essence of being a humanoid includes being a biped, we are able to explain our two legs by appeal to the form of humanness which is in us. So knowledge of the form or essence is in effect knowledge of the things causes, of what explains why it is what it is.In this way Aristotles theory of knowledge was integrated with his metaphysics or scientific method. Plato postulated that once the globe rose above their physical environment, they would sympathize the Forms which were present in the camouflaged world. Whether he meant this would occur after death or during life cadaver a mystery. Aristotle on the other hand believed that everything was right here on earth and one could find the Form if one developed a scientific method to apprehend it . I believe the Forms which P lato believed in were non real.He claims that what we see on earth are mimics of the real thing, only with a lot of imperfections. In his Allegory of the Cave, outlined in The Republic, he called mimics artificial replicas of the real thing. In real life all that is seen is an illusion (smoke) of the real thing. On the other hand, Aristotle believed that our natural world itself was real and physical. Aristotle, having studied some biological and physical phenomenon during his work as a teacher, came to understand that our world was made up of many natural Forms, even though not all of the Forms were ideal, pure or perfect.He argued that with our sense(s) we could identify all the natural Forms on earth. The big question which Aristotle and everyone else asked about Platos theory of Forms was what are the two separate realms and what do they mean and how do they explain life as it is? No matter how one analyses Platos theory, I would argue it hardly fails to explain our physical world, its evolution and the order of things. Why some things are permanent remains a central question in his philosophy. How was the knowledge about our own world derived from the ideal Forms?One can understand that genetic traits can be passed on to future generations of humans and animals, moreover how does this information pass on to inanimate objects like the stone, rock, sand or water? How could these physical properties with no Brain understand the ideal world? I can understand that perhaps some humans whitethorn have ESP and perceive (with a lot of good luck) the then(prenominal) or the future, but how can a rock know that it was a rock in the ideal world first and now is a manifestation of the rock in our world?

Exam Paper for Distribution Managment

Patricia Mae D. Perez Distri besidesion counsel 5. study concepts related with supply twine A supply mountain chain is a network of facilities and distribution options that performs the functions of procurement of materials, transformation of these materials into in termediate and holy convergences, and the distribution of these finished products to guests. show chains exist in both renovation and manufacturing validations, although the difficulty of the chain may vary greatly from sedulousness to industry and firm to firm. It is a dynamic system that evolves e re ally dumbfound era.Indeed, not only do client demand and provider capabilities change over time, but supply chain relationships too evolve overtime. For example, as the customers power increases, there is change magnitude pressure placed on manufacturers and suppliers to produce an enormous variety of high- feel products and to produced customized products. Characteristic of supply chain instruction on th at point ar numbers of characteristics of supply chain. The most principal(prenominal) is that the firms understand that their future depends to al arge level on the success of transfer and they knobbed themselves as quality of the channel.Relationships be viewed as long term, and the in corporate cultures, philosophies, and missions atomic number 18 similar. There is joint planning of products, locations, and quantities of broth to be unploughed in the system. Great deal reading sharing between firms in order to coordinate the efficient flow of goods. The modern computing and chat technology, such as electronic data interchange, is used to rapidly go out information within the channel as necessary. Cost advantages ar work wherever possible. Other characteristics argon Competing goals and objectives Cost reduction and on time deli real of goodsDynamic operating conditions Emphasis on responsiveness to devise changes litigate of supply chain heed The planning do need to billet relationship for demand and cost parameters varying over time receivable to the impact of seasonal fluctuations, trends, advertising and promotions, competitors pricing and strategies. The suffice is do up of the flow of materials, flow of information and run and supervise the control of this flow, that includes raw materials procurement, ware, ancestry wariness, processing of orders, warehousing, transportation and distribution. Sources http//www. se. ufl. edu/Supplychain/done/Day2/Deshmukh/sld002. htm http//www. referenceforbusiness. com/ cyclopaedia/Str-The/Supply-Chain-Management. html http//lcm. csa. iisc. ernet. in/scm/supply_chain_intro. html 8. Key concepts related to customer service and performance measurements in the SCM function Four methods of developing customer schema Stay in touch Show your customers how you rate your business finished keeping in touch with them by sending them updates nigh your companion. mathematical function newslett ers, individual letters or emails to deliver new things and products and promotions of the conjunction.You contribute also send a thank you note if a customer made a major purchase and ask them for virtually feedbacks and suggestions. With all of this information you self-collected from your customer, you can come up with solutions to the problems and meet their needs. Empower your rung There are some cases where there is no indemnity and the policy need to be flexed. To do this you begin to empower certain muckle to make decisions, bend the rules and use wise judgments. Have them documented these circumscribed cases by providing a pad paper of forms and let them input some information to the computer.You can also designate one person per transform as chief problem-solver. Manage customer relationships Once you have gathered information about your customer, you can find them and give them rewards. You can passing play the frequent customers discounts for their next purch ase and make a follow up call to those customers who need repair work. Use the information gathered about the customer to make customer service a science. If you give them tonus service and you satisfy them, they will continue going back to you. realize great service a priorityFor you to serve your customers excellently, you have to modernise your staff. Because they are the one who faces and interact your customers not you. So train them genuinely well. Always put in mind that customers must always comes first. bound with small things like greeting them politely and staff must politely greet anyone who enters the shop. Relationship between customer service and inventory investing Improving the inventory is critical to customer service. despite of whether your friendship deals b2b or b2C, insufficient inventory anxiety process will affect customer service and customer satisfaction levels.A successful inventory management anticipates analyses, plans for, and delivers invento ry standards which do not mix into customer service disaster. not only focus on the correct inventory supply levels, but also the factors in the expertise of the personell who deal with inventory process. The relationship with the suppliers and distributors, as well as those who perform the maintenance functions, and the communication processes used to let loose the current and prospective requirements between both the suppliers, distributors and end users. Sources http//marketing. about. com/od/relationshipmarketing/a/crmtopten. tm http//ezinearticles. com/? Improved-Inventory-Management-Processes&8212Critical-to-Customer-Service-Excellence&038id=4148576 11. Impact of inventory management on operations Major operational benefits of disposition manufacturing systems Lean manufacturing concepts were developed over the last five to six decades, primarily in Japan, particularly for the Toyota production system. These concepts met various tests for galore(postnominal) many years and passed the test of time very easily. It is defined as an advance to help reduce waste matter and eliminate waste in the assemble line at the time of manufacturing the products.By doing it remedy, it helps in step-down the cost and continual improvement. It eliminates waste by means of identifying non-value added activities which leads to poor product quality in the production process that will not be able to meet the customers expectations in the market place Benefits of Lean Manufacturing are receipts in the delivery performance little/ reduced lead times Increased in sales taxation Less operating be and increased profits Improved customer satisfaction and supplier relations Reduction in inventory An increased in the employee moral and retentionBetter quality Reduced store space Creation of additional working capital for new projects Improvement in supplier relationship In lean manufacturing, the customers can be able to get what they want. With this, they get satisfied and it brings benefits for the employees as they are the very important in the manufacturing line. The system focuses on the improvement of the manufacturing line of the judicatures. The companies have been able to eliminate and reduce the redundant and looping processes from the organizations. It has made things very easy for the organizations.The tools used in the lean manufacturing can help the organization to find out different problems in the production. organizational and process considerations involved in implementing lean systems There are other implementing lean manufacturing tools that an organization can use to get the improvements they want. There is the Value Streaming and Process Mapping. These two can effectively eliminate waste and in implementing lean manufacturing, they can streamline work processes. Value streaming is use to identify opportunities while process mapping use to identify specific waste and improvements.Considerations Strategic Flexibility unexpecte d problems arise to change any plan. unanticipated opportunities also arise. This is where stragegits excel. The only sure thing is change. Tasks in the future are lesslikely to change than months away. The long term plan sets direction and budgets. The short term tracks specific tasls and accomplishments. Concentration concentrate the maximum force in the smallest flying field Beachhead Stragtegies focuses on small area or a product. all told the essentials elements for a self reinforcing, sustainable system are deployed locally.This can demote quickly. The small area become the beachhead of lean manufacturing The Kaizen Blitz is a focused implementation that suits a beachhead strategy. It has a strong appeal. It is fast, striking and effective. Source http//www. strategosinc. com/mpping0. htm http//www. articlesbase. com/software-articles/10-benefits-of-lean-manufacturing-2475092. html http//www. altiusdirectory. com/Business/lean-manufacturing. html http//manufacturelean. com /lean-manufacturing-system/ http//www. leanmanufacturingsecrets. com/blog/2008/03/28/implementing-lean-manufacturing/ ttp//www. strategosinc. com/lean_implementation3. htm 7. type of SCM and Logistics in the economy and the organization Total Quality Management is an approach that imageks to improve quality and performance which will meet or fleet customer expectations. This can be achieved by integrating all quality-related functions and processes end-to-end the company. It looks at the overall quality measures used by a company including managing quality design and development, quality control and maintenance, quality improvement, and quality assurance.It takes into account all quality measures taken at all levels and involving all company employees. For this to work, everyone in the organization has to get involved. This theory is to work towards using the dress hat processes to offer the best possible products and to produce best customer satisfaction. Supply Chain Manageme nt in the management of distribution across organizations. all in all the members of the channel, from suppliers to end users, coordinate their business activities and process to minimize their total costs and maximize their effectiveness in the market.The goal is to achieve the coordination and continuity of a vertically integrated channel without centralized ownership of the entires comprising the channel. The firms form on term partenrshipin order to improve service to the ned consumer, reduce channel costs, and constitute competitive advantage. It has also developed other terms like meet In Time supply chain management. That is to say that a company tries to stock nothing ahead of time and its suppliers will provide what is needed just in time for production or shipping.There are a lot of variables for a good supply chain management like the trustworthiness of suppliers, reliability of shippers, and planning contingencies for worse case scenarios. Still, business are still t rying to figure how much they need to inventory and how much can be ordered as needed. There are some key characteristics of SCM. The most important of all is that the firms involved see themselves as part of the channel and understand that their future depends to large period on the success of the whole channel.The relationships are viewed as long term, and the corporate cultures, philosophies, and missions are similar. Just in time is a philosophy of manufacturing establish on planned elimination of all waste and on continuous improvement of productivity. It also has been described as an approach with the objective of producing the by rights part in the right place at the right time. raving mad results from any activity that adds cost without adding value, such as the unnecessary paltry of materials, the accumulation of excess inventory, or the use of faulty production methods that wee-wee products requiring subsequent rework.JIT should improve profits and return on investmen t by reducing inventory levels, reducing variability, improving product quality, reducing production and delivery lead times, and reducing other costs. In a JIT system, underutilized (excess) susceptibility is used instead of buffer inventories to hedge against problems that may arise. JIT applies primarily to instant manufacturing processes in which the same products and components are produced over and over again.The general caprice is to establish flow processes by linking work centers so that there is an even, balance flow of materials throughout the entire production process, similar to that found in an assembly line. To accomplish this, an attempt is made to reach the goals of driving all inventory buffers toward zero and achieving the paragon lot size of one unit. Sources http//logistics. about. com/od/qualityinthesupplychain/a/TQM. htm http//www. referenceforbusiness. com/encyclopedia/Str-The/Supply-Chain-Management. html http//www. thinkingmanagers. com/business-managem ent/total-quality-management. hp http//personal. ashland. edu/rjacobs/m503jit. html http//hubpages. com/hub/supply-chain-management-definition http//personal. ashland. edu/rjacobs/m503jit. html 2. Organizational issues related to purchasing Purchasing is wherein all significant purchases are monitored for the right authorization of the right item, at the right price, quality and quantity, from the right supplier and terms. Objectives of purchasing 1. Procure the necessary quality and quantity of goods or services in an efficient, timely and cost effective manner, while maintaining the controls necessary for a corporation. . Encourage an open competitive bidding process practicable for the learning of goods and services and equitable treatment of all vendors. 3. Ensure the maximum value of an acquisition is obtained by determining the total cost of performing the think function over the lifetime of the task. This may include, but not be limited to, acquisition cost, installation, d isposal value and cot, training cost, maintenance cost, quality of performance and environmental impact. 4. Procure goods and services with due regard to the rescue of the atural environment and to encourage the use of environmentally friendly products and services. Material management Materials management is part of logistics and refers to the location and movement of the physical items or products. There are three main processes associated with materials management spare parts, quality control, and inventory management. Materials management is important in large manufacturing and distribution environments, where there are multiple parts, locations, and significant money invested in these items. The first process in materials management is related to spare parts.A detailed business process is required to determine the order point for the spare parts, identify the ideal quantity to order, process receipt of the parts, and then make sure they are in the correct place. Spare parts ar e integral to the keep operation of production lines and related equipment. Poor management of this process can cause downtime and loss of production. Quality control is a large part of materials management. The creation of material standards, inspections, and returns process is a primary responsibility of the materials management group.All parts and materials must be tested to fix that a specific level of quality is met. This is typically completed before a purchase order is issued to a supplier, to ensure that the supplier has met the conditions of their contract. It is used to ensure that the company delivers quality products to their customers, and to minimize waste in the production Sources http//www. wdo. ca/files/domain4116/Final%20WDO%20Purchasing%20Policy%20for%20posting. pdf http//www. businessdictionary. com/definition/purchasing. html http//www. wisegeek. com/what-is-materials-management. htm

Intro to Ethics Essay

Ethics is a land of study where people ar encouraged to examine their own deterrent interpreter values and be able to examine the values of others. There be several types of ethics, but we wish to examine normative ethics and to narrate between teleology and deontology. We also wish to examine and explain how rightfulness supposition and char operationer are connected. Normative ethics can be delimitate as arriving at a chaste example that regulates our right and slander conduct. It is a search for an ideal behavior.Fieser honours that the Golden Rule is an exemplary example of a normative principle (2006). Fieser also notes that there is one lynchpin assumption of normative ethicsthat there is only one supreme criterion of moral conduct (Ibid). There are three strategies of notevirtue theories, indebtedness theories, and consequentialist theories. Virtue theories place the emphasis on development a set of rules and more(prenominal) stress on developing total char acter traits (Ibid). It is one of the oldest normative traditions in Western philosophy (Ibid). trans save theories base morality on specific, foundational principles of obligation (Ibid).Fieser notes four central duty theories. The first is put prior by Samuel Pufendorf, who placed all duties downstairs the headings of duty to God, duty to self, and duty to others. The second is called rights surmisal, which was forwarded by John Locke. A third duty theory is emphasized by Kant, who put forward a single principle of duty. He states we have a flavourless imperative (Ibid). A final duty based theory comes from W. D. Ross. He states that our duties are part of the fundamental nature of the universe (Ibid).Consequentialist theories postulate that moral conduct is determined solely by a cost-benefit analysis of an actions consequence (Ibid). Teleology and deontology are two diametrically opposed theories that externalise two ways of approaching right and wrong. Teleological theo ry states that the last-ditch criteria of what is morally right is the non-moral value that is brought to the table. According to Frankena, the final appeal must be to the comparative amount of legal produced (1973). In other words, more good than evil must be produced to measure the action good under a teleological theory.In deontological theories, the basic judgments of obligation are all purely particular ones (Ibid). There are two types of deontological theoriesact deontological theories and rule deontological theories. Act deontological theories state we must decide what is the right intimacy to do in each particular situation. Rule deontological theories state that the standard of right and wrong consists of one or more rules (Ibid). Virtue theory and character are connected because we are each raised with a particular value system that guides us in our moral behavior.That virtue theory is ingrained in our character, therefore creating a unique various(prenominal) with a unique value system. Ethics is a complex work that is hard to define and defies explanation. It is intricate and complex and encourages us to think more or less our own morals and moral system. It encourages us to move beyond our delimit constraints of right and wrong to the broader implications of our moral mentation. We should constantly examine our ethics to defend sure we are making proper decisions and we are not thinking only of ourselves, but of our fellow man as well.

Ways has gender expectation changed over generations

Gender expectation princip each(prenominal)y means sets of behavior that ships company decide how fe manful or males should think, good turn or feel. art objecty another(prenominal) people get confuse about thought process that sex and sex be the same how ever so, Ashley Grossman, sociologist, explains sex is biologically charge maculation sexuality is socially constructed, socially created. (Grossman) Therefore, sexual practice is influenced by cultural, family, environ handstal, religious, educational, socioeconomic and geographical setting in other words, it Is more nurture than nature. Many theories keep been written to describe the gender determination, how It Is formed.For example, The Evolutionary Psychology hypothesis of Gender says that contrasting roles in reproduction places different pressures on males and females, which creates gender roles as the man being the more competitive and violent figure, while the women being more involved in nurturing act ivities. The Social Role conjecture of Gender says that gender roles are formed by psychological gender departures caused by contrasting social roles of women and men. The Social Cognitive Theory of gender states that childrens gender development occurs through observation and imitation of gender behavior.While my conclusions bequeath not be based on these theories, they do help explain the formation and change of gender roles across time. Let us pick out a jump in the past. For more than 7000 years of human history, since culture and early States emerged, men were dominating the society they lived in, from the micro- serviceman of families to the public macro-world of education and work. They subscribe to been tasked to provide for their family, from hunting and pitch home food for survival, like In our earliest days, to go to work and earn a paycheck and bringing home the bacon, like in our modern times.On the contrary, women were not even considered effective entities, p ersons in the legal sense. Until the end of the 19th century, an educated woman that was very able to read books and have her own opinion, was not considerable a desirable wife. Thats how strong the Institutionalizing of differentiation surrounded by women and men within society was. Even today, In somewhat society, women are the slaves of men, completely disemboweled and vulnerable some they must cover their faces In public or forbidden to see outside their home without the presence of their husband.Back o 18th Century, sex role were rigid, with women assigned to be caregiver, mother. In classic German phase, women were anticipate to hand themselves to the four KS Creche (Church), Chuck(Cooking) ,Kinder (Children), undo Killdeer (and cloths). (Tier-Anna 13) This is female expectation In the past, and If a woman tried to break out of these roles , she might danger getting server disapproval. Regarding the education of women, the intellect of woman was limited by an unjustif iable restriction the education was not objectively given to women. They were excluded from the subjects which men were trained.In the case of few people, male or female, attaining some education beyond basic reading, writing, and little math, the higher education was reserved primarily for men. lamentable on the political point of view, women were not allowed to get Involve In pollute had no right to vote, had no chance to be a governor, been changed drastically, generation over generation, more in women than men women have play along a long way they are getting married subsequent in life, giving birth later and they are getting more opportunities in which in the past generation were not allowed to.Likewise, men have more responsibilities in many roles which in the past were expected from women. We smoke list the main differences from the past in family rules, education and work. In recent years there has been a redefinition of man and woman roles in the family. The man fly th e coops to spend more time with their children, taking gain of a on the job(p) woman. Statistically though, only the time spent with children has increased from the father side. The mother, condescension working, still spends the same time with her children, which is still higher that the father. Eventually, the chores are through from a person they both hire.The role of father has changes so much that there has been a rise of mens groups which feel been disadvantaged in this society where the legal system and the family court (in matters relating to feeler, child care and associated financial costs) is definitely in favor of women. Glen Sack shares his idea regarding to being househusband or stayed home dad (SHAD) that Men need not fear a loss of power when they become a SHAD. While Shads are sometimes stereotyped as being at the mercy of their stronger wives commands, in reality, I have more power in the family now than I ever did hen I was the family breadwinner ( Sacks 266) .This example shows that staying home and taking care children, which is expected to be a woman Job, not only man net do, but also been accepted from society. Coming to education, women have finally gained access to all kind of education, even if there is still a gross profit of higher paid salary among the male gender. While there is improvement, for the social status of women in education and work participation rates, women still are experiencing conflict and differences in power in the workplace. For centuries there has been a sexual division of Jobs rates of pay were women were paid much lower than males.This difference was Justified by the idea that men had the responsibility to support their family, whereas women collapsible shelter to work little because of family commitments, childbirth and child-bearing therefore, occupations dominated by men tend to be more lucrative. Today a woman has access to all kind of Jobs, but because not all women want to dedicate themselves t o a career, many women prefer to work part- time or accept less demanding positions. But it is only a question of choice, a woman choice. It is grievous to notice that change for women in society has led to men re- evaluating their roles.In the twenty-first century, a group of fathers meets regularly. Their agenda is that divorce, family law and economic crisis are reduction many males to a marginalia role within society. They feel that their situation is very similar to women in the past. Many men feel that due to divorce, unemployment and break of social norms, they are in an inferior position. Coupled with females outperforming males in different areas, from school grades to Job performances, some males do not feel it is an advantage to be a male.Eventually, this historic conflict about social differences between men and women has come to a point where cooperation between the two could be helpful to both. The shifting of power from a man dominance world to woman dominance worl d means still inequality and discrimination. maybe equality of opportunity and outcome can be better achieved difference. In the end, the competition of a Nation depends significantly on whether and how it educates its female and male talent to maximize its competitiveness and development potential it means that each Country should strive for gender equality.

EAS p-Nitroacetanilide Essay

Pinacol was reborn to pinacolone in the look into at a 15.60% pay off. A pocket-size percent yield was judge referable to the data-based distillation and data-based withdrawal of the 2 beds. some pinacolone could have been confine in the sedimentary layer out-of-pocket to experimental actus reus at separating via a pipet. The IR showed peaks at 2967, 2906, 2871, 2359, 2337, 2173, and 1989. The deterrent example peaks in an IR of pinacolene ar stand for betwixt 3000 and 1700. The proton magnetic resonance when manipulated with a fivefold of three, showed the presence of 9 hydrogens at 1.2 ppm and 3 hydrogens at 2.1 ppm. The classifiable nuclear magnetic resonance for pinacolone shows peaks around 20, 40, and 70 ppm due to the electronegativity of the oxygen present in the compound. The proton magnetic resonance of the fundamental product is ill-matched with the distinctive proton magnetic resonance of pinacolone or water. This could potentially be due to a p otpourri of the two compounds when the NMR was run and is due to the experimental error in the separation of the aqueous and organic layers by pipet. Pinacol was converted to pinacolone in the experiment at a 15.60% yield.A low percent yield was expected due to the experimental distillation and experimental separation of the two layers. Some pinacolone could have been trapped in the aqueous layer due to experimental error at separating via a pipet. The IR showed peaks at 2967, 2906, 2871, 2359, 2337, 2173, and 1989. The representative peaks in an IR of pinacolene are present between 3000 and 1700. The NMR when manipulated with a multiple of three, showed the presence of 9 hydrogens at 1.2 ppm and 3 hydrogens at 2.1 ppm. The typical NMR for pinacolone shows peaks around 20, 40, and 70 ppm due to the electronegativity of the oxygen present in the compound. The NMR of the organic product is inconsistent with the typical NMR of pinacolone or water. This could potentially be due to a m ixture of the two compounds when the NMR was run and is due to the experimental error in the separation of the aqueous and organic layers by pipet.Pinacol was converted to pinacolone in the experiment at a 15.60% yield. A low percent yield was expected due to the experimental distillation and experimental separation of the two layers. Some pinacolone could have been trapped in the aqueous layer due to experimental error at separating via a pipet. The IR showed peaks at 2967, 2906, 2871, 2359, 2337, 2173, and 1989. The representative peaks in an IR of pinacolene are present between 3000 and 1700. The NMR when manipulated with a multiple of three, showed the presence of 9 hydrogens at 1.2 ppm and 3 hydrogens at 2.1 ppm. The typical NMR for pinacolone shows peaks around 20, 40, and 70 ppm due to the electronegativity of the oxygen present in the compound. The NMR of the organic product is inconsistent with the typical NMR of pinacolone or water. This could potentially be due to a m ixture of the two compounds when the NMR was run and is due to the experimental error in the separation of the aqueous and organic layers by pipet.Pinacol was converted to pinacolone in the experiment at a 15.60% yield. A low percent yield was expected due to the experimental distillation and experimental separation of the two layers.Some pinacolone could have been trapped in the aqueous layer due to experimental error at separating via a pipet. The IR showed peaks at 2967, 2906, 2871, 2359, 2337, 2173, and 1989. The representative peaks in an IR of pinacolene are present between 3000 and 1700. The NMR when manipulated with a multiple of three, showed the presence of 9 hydrogens at 1.2 ppm and 3 hydrogens at 2.1 ppm. The typical NMR for pinacolone shows peaks around 20, 40, and 70 ppm due to the electronegativity of the oxygen present in the compound. The NMR of the organic product is inconsistent with the typical NMR of pinacolone or water. This could potentially be due to a mixtur e of the two compounds when the NMR was run and is due to the experimental error in the separation of the aqueous and organic layers by pipet.Pinacol was converted to pinacolone in the experiment at a 15.60% yield. A low percent yield was expected due to the experimental distillation and experimental separation of the two layers. Some pinacolone could have been trapped in the aqueous layer due to experimental error at separating via a pipet. The IR showed peaks at 2967, 2906, 2871, 2359, 2337, 2173, and 1989. The representative peaks in an IR of pinacolene are present between 3000 and 1700. The NMR when manipulated with a multiple of three, showed the presence of 9 hydrogens at 1.2 ppm and 3 hydrogens at 2.1 ppm. The typical NMR for pinacolone shows peaks around 20, 40, and 70 ppm due to the electronegativity of the oxygen present in the compound. The NMR of the organic product is inconsistent with the typical NMR of pinacolone or water. This could potentially be due to a mixture of the two compounds when the NMR was run and is due to the experimental error in the separation of the aqueous and organic layers by pipet.

Waiting ‘Til the Midnight Hour

Jerome Carlos Johnson SOCI 3345 Sociology of the 1960s Five scalawag Book Review Waiting Til the Midnight instant by Peniel Joseph February 28, 2013 Waiting Til the Midnight mo by Peniel Joseph Within the eleven chapters that comprise Waiting Til the Midnight hour lays a treasure chest of instruction for anyone interested in B escape or African American history, particularly the genteelized rights achievement that took place during the 1950s and 1960s. I am a self-professed scholar of African American history and I instal an amazing amount of information that I was not aware of.Like most who claim to be down in the mouth History experts, I was aware of the roles of Martin Luther ability, Malcolm X, Rosa parks, W. E. B. Du Bois and Marcus Garvey. However, I was not aware of the impact that so umpteen lesser known figures had in the civil rights movement. It was refreshing to pack of the roles played by Harold Cruse, Arturo Schomburg, Richard Wright, Ella Baker and Robert F. Williams. Reading this agree definitely gave me a new perspective on the civil rights movement and the legacies of its leaders.Waiting Til the Midnight Hour took me on a journey through the tumultuous events of the civil rights movement, as well as introducing me to key players in the movement of which I was previously unaware. In addition, the carry served as an avenue of connecting the various segments and factions of the civil rights movement. The book similarly did a enormous job of presenting the populationwide debate of African Americans quite an than focusing on one specific geographic area. It was a scare task, however the author did a great(p) job of accurately placing entirely the pieces of the puzzle together that comprised the struggle for freedom.Through his writings in Waiting Til the Midnight Hour, Peniel Joseph did a great job of contrasting the stark difference surrounded by integrationists equal Martin Luther world-beater and nationalists (or sep aratists) like Malcolm X. Peniel Joseph was able to paint the stark contrast between the ii major factions of the civil rights movement by exploring their beginnings several decades former to the climax of the movement in the 1950s and 1960s. The book begins by exposit Malcolm Xs rise to prominence within the Nation Of Islam. The book clearly shows the power that Malcolm X wielded in the African American community.In many ways this book provides solid evidence of my personal opinion that Malcolm X was indeed a more powerful leader than Martin Luther in the African American community. Both men were charismatic and eloquent orators, but Malcolm X had a much more commanding presence. Again, this is my personal opinion, but the book definitely paints a vivid picture of the abundant power that was held by Malcolm X. The book gives an excellent discourse on the different ideological views of the two great leaders Malcolms aggressive thinking of getting arbiter and equality by any me ans necessary versus the non-violent, Gandhi-like movement conduct by Dr.Martin Luther King. While King is mentioned often, the book is clearly more cogitate on Malcolm X and his great role in moving dour people from passive, non-violent methods towards more assertive methods of achieving racial justice and equality. The book provides information about Malcolm Xs history and background, which helped to better understand his militant thinking. Malcolm X played a great role in the great shift in the methods used to fight for civil rights in the 1960s. many an early(a)(prenominal) lesser known leaders looked at Malcolm X as a role model. His legacy as a leader is still felt up 48 years after his assassination.Malcolm served as inspiration to the Black position Movement that took fire in the mid and late 1960s. Another great thing about Waiting Til the Midnight Hour is the way it shows the geographical purview of the struggle for racial equality. In great detail, the author high lights the workings of civil rights leaders in major cities like Detroit but also gives a great deal of attention to the struggles of rural southerners. This allowed me to make a nexus between the struggles of urban African Americans and blacks in the rural southern, thus visual perception the entire picture more clearly.This book makes clear that the struggle for racial equality was nationwide and not just isolated to certain geographical locations. A common misconception about the civil rights movement is that blatant racism was a problem only en reproductioned in the Deep South. However, Waiting Til the Midnight Hour does a great job of clarifying this misconception and showing the many elements of the struggle for justice that blacks from coast to coast experienced. One of the most elements of the book is the exploitation of the organization called SNCC.SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) was founded in conjunction with the lunch counter sit0ins that originated i n Greensboro, North Carolina in February 1960. SNCC activists were known to practice slow, tedious and tolerant voter registration drives in the most dangerous parts of the South. However, they seldom received credit for their efforts on a national level. Despite their lack of national attention, SNCC activists often managed to annoy white federal officials and black civil rights leaders.SNCC attracted radicals from the Revolutionary Action Movement, black nationalists from the North and a host of other mavericks. From its humble beginnings, SNCC was a peaceful group that used nonviolent methods to set about racial equality. Over the course of time, SNCC became more assertive in their methods of demanding racial equality and social justice. At the very(prenominal) center of the evolution of SNCC was a young man from Trinidad by the name of Stokely Carmichael. Perhaps the most poignant chapter in the book is chapter 7, which is entitled, What We Gonna Start Saying Now Is Black a gent In this chapter we see the birth of the Black Power movement. This is a very powerful chapter for many reasons, including that in my opinion this is the point where the civil rights movement began to move toward a more assertive methodology and Dr. Martin Luther King began to pull back relevance. At first SNCC was an organization that believed in non-violent civil disobedience but over time the organization became more militant. By 1965 it was obvious that Stokely Carmichael was tip the organization from its roots as a non-violent integrationist group toward a much more militant nationalist way of thinking.During the summer of 1966 attention shifted to the disseminated sclerosis Delta, which was a hotbed of racial discord. This is of special significance to me because my parents were both born and reared in the manuscript Delta. My grandfather shared many stories with me about the tumultuous 1960s in the multiple sclerosis Delta. Most of those stories were horrific but Wait ing Til the Midnight Hour put a whole new perspective on it by introducing me to the major players with great detail. In this chapter we see Dr. Martin Luther King and Stokely Carmichael in Mississippi during the time that JamesMeredith was embarking upon his surround Against Fear. His plan was to marching from Memphis, Tennessee to Jackson, Mississippi as a symbol of his defiance against the racial discrimination so prevalent in Mississippi. Meredith was famous for integrating the University of Mississippi (Ole Miss) four years prior. While marchland from Memphis to Jackson, James Meredith was shot in the neck, back and both legs. He was severely injured but would eventually recover. This incident divided the civil rights activists in Mississippi.Stokely Carmichael, James Baldwin and LeRoi Jones were identified as provocateurs behind a growing course of action of racial militancy. Officials from the Urban League, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, CORE, the NAACP and SNCC met to discuss connective the march in Mississippi as a form of proclaim against the shooting of James Meredith as well as commemorating the assassination of Medger Evers. The different organization leaders had opposing views on the methodology of implementing the march and therefore a presbyopic argument ensued.Eventually a compromise was met. However, in the end, the more conservative leaders from the North refused to support the compromise that Dr. Martin Luther King and re knock overed to New York after warning that the march would be a disaster. During the long march through the Mississippi Delta, Stokely Carmichael lost his patience with the racial humour of Mississippi. He was tired of the racial hatred and blatant discrimination. Following his discontinue from jail (after his 27th arrest), Stokely Carmichael made his way to Broad Street Park in Greenwood, Mississippi.In an impassioned speech, he told the crowd of tired and listless marchers that he had grown tired of the slow pace of the civil rights movement and his foiling had reached its boiling point. At that point he said the poignant words, what we gonna trigger off sayin now is black power It was at that point that America began to take in that many blacks throughout the nation had grown wary of the methods of Dr. Martin Luther King and his turn the other cheek way of thinking. The tide was turning and African Americans were situate to get their freedom and equality by any means necessary.From that solar day forward the slogan Black Power began to spread like wildfire. The Meredith March ended on June 26, 1966 as thousands of people gathered at the Mississippi State Capitol Building in Jackson. The burning of a Confederate masthead on the capitol grounds by a SNCC member drew stimulation applause. Dr. Martin Luther King struggled with the reality that the national political landscape may not be able to keep up with the pace of the new found black militancy. He confessed to the crowd that his dream had turned into a nightmare. King defiantly proclaimed that even in Mississippi justice pull up stakes come to all of Gods children. Carmichael sounded a mussinessage that was the arctic opposite of that of Dr. King. Carmichael said that the movement must build a political base so powerful that blacks would bring them whites to their knees every time they mess with us. Carmichaels message began to resonate among black people across the nation and the mood among blacks began to shift from non-violent civil disobedience to that of militant defiance. Thus the Black Power came into existence and dominated the political scene for the remainder of the 1960s.

Global Village Essay

scamThe process of creating and sharing information with unmatchable an opposite is called conference. The realness is becoming a small-intersected community for the rapid changes in technology, b funkyup of international cargon or activities, im forking and immigration. The sustain magnate of spherical economy largely depends on the multinational crinkle or separate activities. on that pointfore, it is essential to go on impressively among the plurality from assorted flori polishs, nations and groups. more thanover ethnical differences resist as barrier for violenceive chat. idle sympathys among the state, incisionies from divers(prenominal) cultures stock-still up the base of effective conference. Proper inter heathen converse is the behavior to work up the overall discourse more expeditious and effective.The emerging use of neighborly media earningss in e real case devising base of effective inter heathen intercourse. Interactions among variant ethnic muckle be devising them more long- acquainted(predicate) to the other cultures and resulting green and sh ard heathenish activities. It is excessively fashioning the everyday pinch among una kindred pagan state. Inter heathen discourse is besides making peck much more communicative than previous. state be improving their dialogue skills, competences by the grace of inter ethnic intercourse.Intercultural talks has overly impacts on the hearty, governmental and cultural values. state ar sharing viridity cultures twenty-four hour period by day and society in like manner subscribe toing mistakable values gradually. The policy-making inconveniences be no more for a occurrence group as people from antithetical places of the ball reacting simultaneously. Every major political issue is becoming a globular concern. Finally apiece and either graphic symbol of colloquy form has impact on intercultural discourse. Verbal, non-verbal , written, opthalmic these all types of talk are influencing intercultural confabulation.ContentsAbstract2 portal4The importance of Intercultural parley in the global view of the k promptlyledge base5 The role of fond media such(prenominal) as, Facebook in Intercultural  dialogue6 The impact of Intercultural communication on the conversation competence7 The effect of Intercultural communicating on kind, political and cultural values8 The effect of various types of communication (verbal, non-verbal, written and visual) on Intercultural Communication9 finding10References11IntroductionToday the man we live in is a global village where no nation, group or culture do- nonhing remain unidentified (Samovar & Porter, 1991). cardinal part of the innovation cookly impacts on the other part of the world. And the impact is suppuration day by day. By the blessings of the modern technology we squirt easily communicate with the people from anywhere, any nations any cultures of the world. So, if we do non come that token cultures it may be a critical task to deal with the people. Intercultural communication is a form communication among divers(prenominal) groups of people from several(predicate) cultures of the world. It is overly astray kn induce as cross-cultural communication. virtually people say that intercultural communication is unless communication guess among the people from diametrical nations. entirely nearly disagree and say, it encompasses broader area including inter-ethnic, inter-religious, and even inter-regional communication Even they include communication among individuals of polar sexual orientations are as intercultural communication. This as business firmment encompasses the importance of intercultural communication and the impacts of social media on it. It overly covers the impacts of intercultural communication on communication competences of an individual. The impacts on various social, cultural and political asp ects are alikely describe in this assignment. Finally, it has critical assessment of the impacts of unlike communication types like verbal signed written or visual.The importance of Intercultural Communication in the global view of the world Intercultural Communication has great importance in the global economy, culture and politics as well. Intercultural Communication is about essential for business purpose. When a company runs its business to different part of the world it is necessary pregnant to turn over bankrupt understanding roughly the cultures of different targeting groups. They contain to communicate to different segments of people like the suppliers, customers, workers from exclusively different cultures from the different part of the world. To ontogenesis the productiveness intercultural communication is also authorized. As an example, an robe company produces clothing. If their production plant is laid in europium, it bequeath take very high cost f or per unit of production. wherefore overall productivity impart go down. If they have the factory in southern Asia then it can be produced more from the same cost of production as they have low workers cost.Furthermore, in a factory on that point may have different people from different cultures, if they have a just interactions among them, it lead also enlarge the overall productivity. It opens the door of insane asylum by teamwork. We all k at one time that, talents are scattered to each(prenominal) and every street corner of the world. We also know that, no cosmic outcome is come by a single effort. Each and every ancestor success so far, is brought by a team work. If the team comprises of talent people from different parts of the world, it would be the better(p) to bring a dangerous result. besides the most important issue is that, good interactions and communications among them. Intercultural communication is also important to practice team work for better resul t. Immigration is another important issue largely depend on intercultural communication.People from the low income rural, are selling their dig out to the economically stronger county. Here, both parties are acquire benefited, as the stronger country is get low paid worker, where the workers are also getting work opportunity. merely, here intercultural communication is also important. We also well concerned approximately the internet based business in the world. Freelancing is also an emerging issue by the grace of technology. People from superstar part of the world are getting their jobs finished with(p) from an expert from a thousand kilometres a bearing.This business is certainly brings a positive near game for the both worker and provider. redbrick organizations are composed of diverse people and managers from different culture s to serve multinational business. Intercultural communication also fosters the worry skill and leadership skills. Intercultural communicat ion has also importance on global political issues. People are becoming a community with the concern of every petty(a) political issue.The role of social media such as, Facebook in Intercultural Communication There is a critical role of social media in intercultural communication. Facebook, twitter, MySpace are world used by billions of people across the world. They are interacting in same platform. They are becoming accomplice from unrivaled part of the world to another, from one culture to another culture. Moreover, any give-and-take and updates are spreading each and every part of the world just with in a second. These interactions are making a strong base of intercultural communication. As an example, people from china may have different cultural activities and festivals which are very unacquainted with(predicate) to a person from atomic number 63. But a Chinese is spreading his festivity through the facebook to t person of Europe.Therefore, the person of Europe is getting familiar with the festivals, norms and other cultural activities of the Chinese people. Same to the Chinese one he/she is also getting familiar to the cultures of Europe. Therefore, a strong base is existence build by sharing those social media networks. People are getting familiar to the cultural activities to the different parts of the world and intercultural communication is getting improved day by day. People are act all the cultural activities beyond their own borders and cultures.Moreover, these networks are go-ahead window of interacting informally with one another. Therese informal communication is most important for the better understanding among the people. It helps to crystallize all the cultural factors and give an versed insight about a totally different culture. These social media are also helping to communicate with all forms of communication like verbal, non-verbal, written and visual as they are giving opportunity of television set conversation. Therefore a strong understanding is growing up and effective intercultural communication is built.The impact of Intercultural communication on the Communication competence Communication competence is the strength to interact well with others (Spitzberg, 1988).To maximize the transaction of communication and to generate adaptive communication performances by using knowledge of self, other, scene a situational ability to set realistic and appropriate goals is needed. This ability is communication competence. (Friedrich 1994). Intercultural communication has great impact on the communication competences of an individual. These are describes as follows. Adaptability Intercultural communication increases a persons adaptability by opening new window of social experience, social confirmation, wit and social composure.Empathy It also helps to increase the ability to demonstrate understanding and care emotional reactions to the situation. It frames the sense of helping each other, parallel em otions and cognitive understanding. Communication ability It also to increase overall communication and interaction ability among the people. It also increases the flexibility, sensibility, gross profit margin among the people. It also makes the people to become more broad and open-minded. Interactions among different people increase the confidence in the mind and create sympathy and respect to the other cultural people as well. Therefore, this respect and make people more interactive and their competences of communication increases. People are getting move to work with the other cultural people more comfortably. Hence, their sense of interpersonal understanding is growing. People get concepts all informal issues of a culture and communication elements of a particular culture through intercultural communication.The effect of Intercultural Communication on social, political and cultural values Intercultural Communication has impacts on the social, political and cultural values of t he people. If we gather there is a social change for intercultural communication. The societies of each and different parts of the earth are becoming almost similar. Even in a nation, societies are trying to hold certain standards by following the other society. These are becoming only for the blessings of intercultural communication. Intercultural communication has also impact on the cultural values. As the people are getting familiar with the other cultures day by day it has impacts on his own culture. One example is described as follows. In Europe, Valentines Day is observe with a great festivity or parvenue Year celebration is also observed in a great festivity. But by the grace of the modern world and most importantly for intermural communication these festivals are no more for Europe only.People from every part of the world, like Bangladesh is observing these festivals with a great festivity. So, it is clear that one culture is influencing to another culture and new cross-c ultural activities are emerging. popular festivals are no more for a group of people, people are appreciating cultural activities from different cultures and including to their culture and new cultures are emerging. Cultures are becoming global as well. Finally, the political aspects are also being influenced by the intercultural communications.World politicians are not only concerned about their country only they have to think a lot about the other parts as well. It will be clear, if we see the very recent incident of Syria. The tragical incident, made an allegation across the world. This is now becoming very common scenario now. any(prenominal) national incident is no more for a group of people only. It is a concern of the whole world. The world is reacting ad libitum and simultaneously. So, there are also some radical changes for intercultural communications.The effect of various types of communication (verbal, non-verbal, written and visual) on Intercultural Communication There are different forms of communication. People communicate verbally, non-verbally, in a written way or visually. These all type of communication has impacts on interpersonal communication. Few examples will make it clear. Firstly, Good Morning / evening are widely used in western culture. These greeting lyric are the part of their culture. But gradually it is growing global greetings. If we see social network page in a morning, this will be very clear. We can define lots of greetings form different cultural people of the world. What is their culture, their language do not matter actually. Even sometime words have different gist in different languages, which may create complexity.But gradually these complexities are overcome by the grace of globalization and effective intercultural communication. other example regarding non-verbal communication form will make the topic clearer. Thumbs up is sign of alright in particular culture however this sign has an opposite heart in a nother culture. It is used as an insulting sign in particular cultural group. So, it may be paradox when two persons are communicating non-verbally. But, now frequent and broad communications among different cultural groups of people are making these issues more clear. Gradually non- verbal communications are also growing with world(a) meaning.Similarly, in written communication, certain cultural people have some norms but while communicating to another cultural people it may create some noise. Massive intercultural communications are also reducing these capers. Visual elements can also be a form of communication. more pictures, colours have different meaning to different cultural groups of people. People are communicating with video conversation, sharing visual elements in social media in massive scales and these issues are also becoming identical.ConclusionMessage transmission is the main problem in intercultural communication. One person can easily encode or fork over t he message from a person of similar culture as they have common values, beliefs and norms. But in cross cultural communication, messages can be encoded different way even sometimes can be interpreted with an opposite meaning. Effective intercultural communications are making these issues more issues and creating a good platform for a good communication base. And these are being built by the grace of modern technology, social media. Intercultural communication is also playing a vital role to the success of multinational organization.Practicing intercultural communication increases the communication competencies of an individual. He or she also gets motivated, confident and efficient than in front while communicating proficiently to the co-workers from different cultures. All the forms of communication have also impacts on the intercultural communication. The global village will soon hold very similar culture, values and languages. Intercultural communications are making the base to make globe a borderless village.References1. Allwood, J., & Schroeder, R. (2000). Intercultural communication in a virtual environment. Intercultural Communication, 4, 1-15.2. BeerE.Jennifer. (2003). High and Low Context. communication Across Cultures. Retrieved December 01, 2013, from http//www.culture-at-work.com/highlow.html 3. Bomadan, (2010), Importance of Intercultural Communication Retrieved January 07, 2013, from http//www.studymode.com/join.php?redirectUrl=%2Fessays%2FImportance-Of-Intercultural-Communication-To-Ist-297367.html&from=essay 4. Castells, M. (2000). Materials for an exploratory theory of the network society. British Journal of Sociology. 5. Elisabeth harpist , (2013), Interactive, Social Media Retrieved January 02 from, http//www.omnistudio.com/category/interactive/

Brave New World and Ethics Essay

Barely peeking over the persuasion the barren landscape sparkled as rays of perch pierced the darkness madcap outside the aches and pain from their tired bodies. Straining his eyeball he saw the river glowing faraway in the distance looking so harmless in daylight. Shuddering mildly the dark churning waters of the previous(prenominal) night haunted him as he look at the serene function of his wife as she lay in fitful slumber. Turning around he allowed himself one last chance to portion out in sweet memories of friends, family, his country, all leftfield behind. As his wife stirred he turned around. He never looked back. foregoing they walked towards opportunities untold. Forward they walk towards a refreshed beginning. Forward they walked in America, home of the free. For centuries serviceman impart forsaken the comforts of their afoot(predicate) baffleuations in search of a better origination for themselves and their families. From migrating thousands of miles to o verthrowing governments benignants eat a ease for defying the odds successfully in pursuit of their morals and determine. Descendant from a pristine apelike people, kind-hearteds developed over thousands of years morphing into a super species where recognition is exalted in the quest to endure nature.In the modern era, scientific and technical advancement are idolized as successes in these fields test the limits of our imaginations. With new-fashioned discoveries in genetics and the decoding of the human genome, scientists and politicians instantly work tirelessly towards recognize lease of the human body, plants, animals with dazzling results and save successes projected even up to the entry of synthetic life. However, many lines of research have sparked considerable controversy as federation moves into an age of untold possibilities.The book bodacious innovative human being by Aldous Huxely portrays a futuristic caller where humans have been molded into a cast organisation through chemical mutations, mind fix drugs, and psychological conditioning. With all classic philosophy, literature, and news report destroyed as relics of the past, corporation stands atmospheric static without any knowledge of a societal reality more primitive or advanced than the status quo. Despite current societal movement towards genetic registration and enhancement, the censorship and elimination of creative eyeshot present in Huxelys utopia negate the individualism and sense of self gave driving decree forward.Modern society testament never mirror Huxelys utopia do to the innate spirituality and drive for harvesting that characterizes human nature. Brave unfermented World depicts a society where humans reassure their bodies and environment through chemical treatments. Although scientifically impossible, this basic premise of environmental control becomes a reality when utilizing the principles of modern genomics. oer the last two decades scientists have piecemeal decoded every gene and strand of deoxyribonucleic acid that allows the human body to function. The gravity of this crusade is insurmountable opening the door to unmeasured possibilities. precisely contempt identifying some(prenominal) the causes of some(prenominal)(prenominal) common polygenic disorders (disorders in which several gene are implicated) and identifying the genes responsible for several Mendelian disorders, the promise of Gene therapy has turn out nonhing but a yell dream(Kass). Beyond the elimination of disease, genetically enhanced and altered crops have change magnitude in popularity. Several strains of crops such as cotton, corn, and soybeans have been enhanced with artificial genes that seduce insecticides or resistance to herbicides. Furthermore, scientists are attempting to genetically modify plants, insects, and bacteria.Geneticists hope that in the conterminous future genetically engineered plants forget have the ability to feed o n poisonous pollutants. And certain bacteria have already been altered to produce chemicals valuable in manufacturing such as adipic acid, one of the ingredients in nylon, and teraphthalic acid, a component of a specializer polyester (Kass). With the possibilities of producing indestructible crops, plants that eliminate pollutants, and genetically modify fauna to produce chemicals, the economic perceptual constancy and general prosperity pictured in Brave New World may become a reality in years to come.Furthermore, Huxleys utopia presented a society where being a mother or father was considered vile and disgusting. Children were manufactured in Hatchery And Conditioning Centers where embryos were designed and enhanced with a complex cocktail of chemical additives in a manufacturing process. Currently modern technology has non developed a method of replace natural birth conditions and genetically reparation an embryo is close to impossible (Kass). But the prospect of genetica lly modified embryos dubbed source Babies lurks in the future.When these techniques develop society will possess the capabilities of genetically determining the capabilities of newborns despite whether artificial birth exists. From an ideologic view, the thoroughgoing dehumanization in Brave New World may seem unwieldy to comprehend, but as generation builds on generation, the evolution of cultural practices and values inches society closer a similar state. As science allows society to conquer infertility or improve the genetic composing of a child, birth moves one flavor closer to a manufacturing process (Carr). so far when moving beyond the technological transformations, the overriding explanation of organic life is the surmisal of evolution which directly undermines the value of human life (Carr). Rather than beings with spirits and a divine purpose, society diminishes mankind to nix more than a subject matterless accumulation of cells whose purpose is reproduction. Re gardless of the technological and ideological influences that create a level of remainder with Huxelys utopia, our society can never reach the extremes presented in Brave New World because the core cultural values depicted directly contradict those our society ascribe to.Benjamin Franklin once said, Without constant growing and progress, such words as improvement, handment, and success have no meaning. Brave New World depicted such a society where those not in a drug induce coma or suffering from goal-directed cognitive damage were confined to a bland meaningless existence. Our society today is designed to award the innovative and skilful as all struggle to achieve individual success. Emphasizing individual growth and achievement, our society will never sit static and unchanged as the earthly concern depicted in Huxelys work.

Women are better parents than men Essay

Today , with the developwork forcet of friendship, peoples living styles go changed a lot. A common pheno workforceon is that more than and more men play a fundamental sectionalization in our daily life, they stay at home doing housework and taking fretfulness of electric razorren. However, women work outside the home. Although this trend becomes more and more popular, the importance of women dealing with educating and taking attention of children buttt be replaced. That is to say women be violate p arnts than men. Supporters of men are better parents argue that men fix enough energy to do many things such as move children to school or keeping dawn of the childrens doctor and dentist appointments, etc. But are these enough for deli very(prenominal) up a child? Of range ,the answer is No. In traditional belief women who are non salutary at domestic duties leave behind fool difficulty in their family life rather or later, so they have to render accustomed to coo king and taking care of children. Since they are teenage girls, they start to ask household tasks and raise children, so that they can become a in force(p) acquire in the future.Besides, when the man are young, their mothers do everything for them, they do not need to do any housework if they dont like. Generally, most men are not good at cooking and they are careless, which results in their childrens unwilling to be along with them. Also, women are more circumspective than men, this is womens nature that counts as an advantage in being better parents. Women have a sharp insight, they can know what their children are thinking through careful observation. ar they happy or sad, hungry or thirsty, essential to sleep or want to listen to music? And then women will try to meet their demands by clutch methods. Mother is the person who understand her child best. Contrarily, there is always an unbridgeable intermission between the father and children in a family, for father is a stri ct and serious-minded men that children dare not to speak their emotions, even sometimes the kid coiffe abnormal, the father cant begin out anything wrong.Last but not least, women are gentler and more tolerant than men, this contributes to women have more chances to contact with their kids. From very jump day of pregnancy, there is a adjacent and sacred relationship between mothers and their subatomic babies. The belief that womens mend function is to raise their children has been deeply tooted in our society for a long time, hence, children may have a tendency to listen and send their personal problems to them. And mothers will give them suggestions on how to solve these problems correctly. And men are sole financial providers and have to work very hard to support family, which makes them have shrimpy chance to talk to their children and know them better. In consequence, women are considered not only better mothers but also close friends by their kids. Having said t hese, although men are toilsome their best to be a good househusband, women still outweigh them in term of taking on child rearing.

Personality and Values

CHAPTER 4 dispo beation and set LEARNING OBJECTIVES After sketching this chapter, students should be sufficient to 1. Define temperament, describe how it is metric, and innocent(p) the f pieceor turn up outs that ready an single(a)s reputation. 2. observe the Myers-Briggs figure forefinger nearlybodyality manakin and assess its strengths and weaknesses. 3. Identify the pigment traces in the vainglorious phoebe bird temperament model. 4. manifest how the unsound quintette peculiaritys divine port at give-up the ghost. 5. Identify an early(a)(prenominal) genius traits germane(predicate) to OB. . Define determine, demonst wander the spl stopping pointour of set, and tell terminal and puppetal set. 7. analyse multiplicational disaccordences in apprise and lay the dominant set in forthwiths shapeforce. 8. Identify Hofstedes volt determine attri hardlyes of content culture. Summary and Implications for Managers eternalise What value , if each, does the considerable volt model tout ensembleow to managers? From the advance(prenominal) 1900s finished and through the mid-1980s, investigateers sought to draw a link surrounded by disposition and pipeline instruction execution. The out derive of those 80-plus years of make up is mindm was that disposition and hire out surgery were non meaningfully re latterlyd crosswise traits or dapples. i However, the past 20 years crawfish away been much than promising, largely due to the process crosswiseings meet the Big fin. Screening standdidates for hypothecates who s ticker elderberry bush extravagantly on pains victoriousnessas hygienic as the several(predicate) Big tail fin traits, depending on the criteria an formation pay backs to the highest descriptor grievousshould pay dividends. distri howeverively of the Big quintuple dollar bill traits has numerous implications for in-chief(postnominal) OB criteria.Of course, manag ers motion slightness need to take situational fulfilers into look atation. ii Factors much(prenominal) as trick demands, the tip of commandd fundamental interaction with others, and the transcriptions culture ar examples of situational variables that go e re tot whollyyywhere the nature craft capital r hithertogement relationship. You need to try the vocation, the accomplishment group, and the g every go intoning to determine the optimal spirit consort. opposite traits, much(prenominal) as impression self-evaluation or narcissism, whitethorn be relevant in certain situations, too. Although the MBTI has been astray criticized, it whitethorn sport a place in geological formations.In t severallying and development, it justt assistant employees to break in learn themselves and it stern help team members to better on a displace floorstand to each un assembleed other. And it send word promiscuous up communication in plough groups and possibl y reduce conflicts. set -Why is it primal to know an soulfulnesss set? determine a owing(p) deal underlie and relieve attitudes, deportments, and perceptions. So familiarity of an single(a)s value system can grant insight into what professs the individual tick. Employees surgical butt on and triumph atomic routine 18 app bent to be high if their determine fit whole about with the organization.For instance, the person who places coarse enormousness on imagination, independency, and license is bidly to be poorly p cheatnered with an organization that jar againstks conformity from its employees. Managers ar much than aforementi unityd(prenominal)(p)ly to appreciate, evaluate haughtyly chargedly, and allocate pay offs to employees who fit in, and employees be much than likely to be pleasant if they perceive that they do fit in. This argues for watchfulness to strive during the selection of new employees to find job candidates who find out non simply the faculty, pass a bun in the oven, and motivation to coif but excessively a value system that is compatible with the organizations.The chapter pass ons by introducing Stephen Sch disputezman, chief decision maker officer of the Blackstvirtuoso Group. He profited to the tune of $7. 75 billion when his ordination went public. His combative expressive style has non hindered his supremacy as Fortune bided him the King of protect Street. Using military equipment casualty like war and he would sort of knock off off his rival Blackst champion has thrived under his lead and has become one of the roughly moneymaking and fe bed investment groups on Wall Street. Schwarzman is non the easiest to work for. oneness executive was supposedly fired for the sound his nose do when he breathed.He whitethorn be a huge triumph but would you be giveing to work for him? Brief Chapter strategy I. temperament A. What Is reputation? (PPT. 42) A dynamic c erstpt Defined the substance honest of ways in which an idiosyncratic reacts and interacts with others B. genius Determinants (PPT 4-3) 1. invention be cartridge clips arguments intimate genetic endowment and environment. Current literature suggests 3 grammatical constituents genetic endowment, environment, and situation. 2. heredity 3. Environment C. nature Traits (PPT 4-4) 1. Introduction 2.Myers-Briggs geek indication (MBTI) (PPTs 45 4 6) Widely utilise in practice by major companies. 3. The Big tail fin model (PPT 47) phoebe bird Basic Dimensions o Extraversion o agree energy o painstakingness o Emotional stableness o nudeness to nonplus look into presages relationships surrounded by these nature dimensions and job performance. D. How Do the Big Five Traits Predict appearance? (PPT 48) question has entern this to be a better framework. accredited traits abide been re payn to impregnablely hit to high job performance E.Other nature Traits ap plicable to OB (PPT 49) 1. Core Self-Evaluation (Self-perspective) (PPT 49) Locus of Control o Internals o Externals self-pride Directly related to expectations for victory 2. Machiavellianism (PPT 49) unmarrieds high on this dimensionpragmatic, stirred blank, and belief that the ends justify the way of life 3. Narcissism (PPT 49) Narcissists hunt to be selfish and exploitive. 4. Self-Monitoring (PPT 410) Ability to make up mien to outside, situational factors 5. peril Taking (PPT 410) Managers in large organizations hightail it toward luck aversiveness. 6. emblem A genius (PPT. 411) A character c atomic number 18enence A genius is characterized as constant motion, impatient, obsessed with throwaway self-performance whereas a Type B Personality (PPT 411) is much relaxed does not pose from a reek of prison term urgency. 7. proactive Personality (PPT 411) Create positive revision in their environments. to a greater issue likely seen as leaders and bu dge agents F. Personality and National Culture amply summate of agreement among various(prenominal)s in a state of matter No greenness record images for a country I.value A. Introduction value invent staple convictions (PPT 412) o at that place is a judgmental element of what is right, not bad(predicate), or desirable. o value lead twain content and fanaticism attributes. o determine ar not broadly speaking suave and flexible. ? They angle to be comparatively perpetual and stand. ? A noteworthy portion of the set we hold is launch in our un periodly yearsfrom pargonnts, teachers, friends, and others. B. enormousness of Values (PPT 413) Values lay the gear upation for the perceptiveness of attitudes and motivation. Values largely settle attitudes and deportment. C.Types of Values 1. Rokeach Value peck (PPTs 414 to 416) (Exhibit 43) Two sets of value, each set had 18 individual value items o Terminal determine appoint to desirable end-states of existence, the goals that a person would like to achieve during his/her lifetime o submissive valuerefer to preferable modes of look, or means of achieving the terminal values approximately(prenominal) studies confirm that the RVS values vary among groups. o the great unwashed in the say(prenominal) occupations or categories melt down to hold uniform values. Although at that place may be all oerlap among groups, thither ar whatsoeverwhat significant inconsistencys as wellhead. (Exhibit 44) 2. Contemporary formulate Cohorts antithetical gene rations hold protestent work values. o Veteransentered the work force from the early mid-forties through the early sixties. o Boomersentered the hands during the mid-sixties through the mid-1980s. o Xersbegan to enter the work force from the mid-1980s. o Nexters to the highest degree late entrants into the workforce. D. Values, Loyalty, and honourable Behavior (PPT 417) legion(predicate) quite a little theorise thit her has been a counterbalance in business moral philosophy since the late 1970s.The quartet-stage model of work age bracket values might par take in this perception. (Exhibit 45) Managers systematically report the action of bosses as the some crucial factor influencing honourable and upon port in the organization. II. Linking an Individuals Personality and Values to the employment A. Person-Job enclothe Personality-job fit theory (PPTs 418 to 421) (Exhibit 46) o Each record figureface has a congruent occupational environment. B. The Person-Organization Fit lot go out organizations that be not compatible with their personalities. organisational Culture Profile (OCP) o watch individual values to organizations values. IV. dry land(prenominal) Implications A. Personality . B. Values crossways Cultures 1. Introduction Values differ crossways cultures. 2. Hofstedes Framework for Assessing Cultures (PPTs 4-22 4-28) superstar of the approximately widely re ferenced go closelyes for analyzing variations among cultures has been done by Geert Hofstede. o Power distance o laissez faire versus collectivism o maleness versus femininity o Uncertainty dodge Long-term versus short-run predilection 3. The lump Framework for Assessing Cultures (Exhibit 48) In 1993, the spheric leaders and organizational Behavior enduringness ( orb) began modify this research with data from 825 organizations and 62 countries. Nine dimensions on which national cultures differ o self-assertiveness o hereafter orientation o Gender specialty o Uncertainty shunning o Power distance o laissez faire/collectivism o In-group collectivism o Performance orientation o benignant orientation 4. Implications for OBV. drumhead AND IMPLICATIONS FOR MANAGERS (PPT 4-30) A. Personality ? Conscientiousness is a lot a major factor for masteryful employees ? The MBTI can be utilize to better understand each other ? Managers use the Big Five to envision employ ee constitution B. Values ? Values enchant attitudes, perceptions, and styles ? Values can be metrical using the Rokeach Values Survey ? It is valuable that the values of the employee and the organization match grow Chapter Outline Personality A. What Is Personality? Personality is a dynamic concept describing the proceeds and development of a persons whole psychological system it looks at some aggregate whole that is great than the sum of the mathematical functions. Gordon Allport coined the around frequent utilize definition o The dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his unmatched adjustments to his environment The text defines disposition as the sum total of ways in which an individual reacts to and interacts with others. It is most oft exposit in ground of mensurable traits that a person exhibits.B. Personality Determinants 1. Introduction An early argument centered on whether or not personality was the y ield of heredity or of environment. o Personality appears to be a result of some(prenominal) decides. o Today, we write out a third factorthe situation. 4 Situation 5 Influences the personal effects of heredity and environment on personality 6 The different demands of different situations call forth different aspects of ones personality. 7 there is no variety scheme that tells the squeeze of various types of situations. 8 Situations wee-wee the appearance _or_ semblance to differ comfortably in the constraints they impose on behavior. . Heredity Heredity refers to those factors that were contumacious at conception. The heredity approach argues that the ultimate explanation of an individuals personality is the molecular organise of the genes, set(p) in the chromosomes. Three different streams of research lend some credibility to the heredity argument o The genetic underpinnings of tender behavior and temperament among young children. reason demonstrates that traits su ch as shy(p)ness, fear, and distress be most likely ca employ by acquire genetic characteristics. One hundred sets of kindred twins that were separated at giving sustain were studied. Genetics write ups for about 50 part of the variation in personality differences and all all over 30 sh be of occupational and empty interest variation. o Individual job triumph is remarkably steadfast over time. This indicates that satisfaction is determined by something entire in the person instead than by external environmental factors. Personality characteristics atomic number 18 not completely governd by heredity. If they were, they would be fixed at birth and no amount of work through could cook them. . Environment Factors that exert pressures on our personality formation o The culture in which we argon raised o Early conditioning o Norms among our family o Friends and friendly groups The environment we be exposed to plays a substantial role in regulate our personalit ies. Culture establishes the norms, attitudes, and values passed from one generation to the next and ca-ca consistencies over time. The arguments for heredity or environment as the main(a) determinant of personality ar both grand. Heredity sets the parameters or outer limits, but an individuals full potency will be determined by how well he or she adjusts to the demands and requirements of the environment. C. Personality Traits 1. Introduction Early work turn around attempts to identify and label enduring characteristics. o Popular characteristics acknowledge shy, aggressive, submissive, lazy, ambitious, loyal, and timid. These atomic number 18 personality traits. o The much(prenominal) than concordant the characteristic, the more frequently it occurs, the more important it is. Researchers hope that personality traits can help in employee selection, job fit, and line of achievement development. 2. The Myers-Briggs Type indicant One of the most widely utilise per sonality frameworks is the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). It is a 100-question personality test that carrys wad how they usually feel or act in grumpy situations. Individuals argon separate as o Extroverted or introverted (E or I). o comprehend or intuitive (S or N). o Thinking or feeling (T or F). o Perceiving or opinion (P or J). These classifications be then combined into 16 personality types.For example o INTJs argon visionaries. They usually rent original minds and great drive for their own ideas and purposes. They ar characterized as skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn. o ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, decisive, and start out a natural train for business or mechanics. o The ENTP type is a conceptualizer. He or she is innovative, individualistic, versatile, and attracted to enterpriserial ideas. This person tends to be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine assignme nts. MBTI is widely used in practice. Some organizations using it include Apple Computer, AT&038T, Citigroup, GE, 3M Co. and others. 3. The Big Five Model An impressive body of research supports that quintuplet basal dimensions underlie all other personality dimensions. The five basic dimensions are o Extraversion. Comfort take aim with relationships. Extroverts tend to be gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be reserved, timid, and quiet. o Agreeableness. Individuals trend to defer to others. High agreeableness multitudecooperative, warm, and imprecateing.Low agreeableness flockcold, disagreeable, and antagonistic. o Conscientiousness. A measure of reliability. A high conscientious person is trusty, organized, expert, and persistent. Those who score upset on this dimension are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable. o Emotional stability. A persons ability to withstand stress. mickle with positive emotional stability tend to be calm, self-c onfident, and secure. Those with high negative scores tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure. o Openness to experience. The diverge of interests and fascination with novelty.Extremely open tribe are creative, curious, and artistically sensitive. Those at the other end of the receptiveness category are stodgy and find comfort in the familiar. Research found important relationships between these personality dimensions and job performance. o A commodious spectrum of occupations was see to itd in addition to job performance ratings, training proficiency (performance during training programs), and force play data such as requital level. o The results showed that conscientiousness predicted job performance for all occupational groups. Individuals who are dependable, reliable, careful, thorough, able to plan, organized, hardworking, persistent, and achievement-oriented tend to abide higher job performance. o Employees higher in conscientiousness develop higher levels of job knowledge. o There is a strong and reconciled relationship between conscientiousness and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). o For the other personality dimensions, predictability depended upon both the performance criterion and the occupational group. o Extroversion predicts performance in managerial and sales positions. Openness to experience is important in predicting training proficiency. D. How Do the Big Five Traits Predict Behavior? Research has shown relationships between these personality dimensions and job performance. Employees who score higher for example in conscientiousness, develop higher levels of job knowledge Extraverts tend to be happier in their jobs and do better in jobs that require significant interpersonal interaction probably because they down better companionable skills. E. Other Personality Traits Relevant to OB 1. Core Self-Evaluation (Self-perspective) People who admit a positive core self-evaluation see themselves as effective, cap able, and in supremacy. People who earn a negative core self-evaluation tend to despise themselves. Locus of dictation o A persons perception of the source of his/her parcel is termed locus of control. ? There is not a legislate relationship between locus of control and turnover because there are opposing forces at work. o Internals People who believe that they are masters of their own stack ? Internals, facing the aforesaid(prenominal) situation, attribute organizational outcomes to their own actions.Internals believe that health is substantially under their own control through proper habits their incidences of sickness and, hence, their absenteeism, are lower. ? Internals generally perform better on their jobs, but one should consider differences in jobs. ? Internals search more actively for information forward making a ratiocination, are more motivated to achieve, and make a great attempt to control their environment, therefore, internals do well on sophisticated ta sks. ? Internals are more suited to jobs that require initiative and independence of action. Externals People who believe they are pawns of fate ? Individuals who rate high in externality are slight slaked with their jobs, wee higher absenteeism rates, are more lost from the work setting, and are little touch on their jobs than are internals. ? Externals are more compliant and willing to follow directions, and do well on jobs that are well structured and routine and in which mastery depends to a great extent on complying with the direction of others. Self-esteem o Self-esteemthe degree to which population like or dislike themselves. (SE) is straightaway related to expectations for success. o Individuals with high conceit will take more hazards in job selection and are more likely to acquire unconventional jobs than pot with low self-esteem. o The most generalizable finding is that low SEs are more suasible to external influence than are high SEs. Low SEs are dependen t on the receipt of positive evaluations from others. o In managerial positions, low SEs will tend to be concerned with pleasing others. o High SEs are more satisfied with their jobs than are low SEs. 2. Machiavellianism Named after Niccolo Machiavelli, who wrote in the sixteenth atomic number 6 on how to absorb and use ability. An individual high in Machiavellianism is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, and believes that ends can justify means. High Machs manipulate more, win more, are diverged less, and persuade others more. High Mach outcomes are moderated by situational factors and boom out when they interact face-to-face with others, rather than indirectly, and when the situation has a minimum number of regularisations and regulations, frankincense granting latitude for improvisation. High Machs make goodly employees in jobs that require bargaining skills or that offer substantial rewards for winning. 3. Narcissism Describes a person who has a grandiose sense of self-importance. They find they are better leaders. much they are selfish and exploitive. 4. Self-Monitoring This refers to an individuals ability to adjust his or her behavior to external, situational factors. Individuals high in self-monitoring show wide conciliateability. They are super sensitive to external cues, can behave differently in different situations, and are capable of presenting hitting contradictions between heir public persona and their private self. Low self-monitors cannot disguise themselves in that way. They tend to display their true dispositions and attitudes in every situation resulting in a high behavioral consistency between who they are and what they do. The research on self-monitoring is in its infancy, so predictions must be guarded. former evidence suggests o High self-monitors tend to pay closer attention to the behavior of others. o High self-monitoring managers tend to be more mobile in their passages and fetch more forward motions . High self-monitor is capable of putt on different faces for different audiences. 5. Risk Taking The disposition to assume or avoid risk has been shown to have an carry on on how enormous it takes managers to make a decision and how much information they require before making their picking. High risk-taking managers make more rapid decisions and use less information in making their choices. Managers in large organizations tend to be risk averse especially in contrast with growth-oriented entrepreneurs. Makes sense to consider aligning risk-taking propensity with specific job demands. 6. Type A Personality Type A personality is aggressively involved in a chronic, incessant struggle to achieve more and more in less and less time, and, if required to do so, against the opposing efforts of other things or other persons. They are ever so moving, walking, and eating rapidly, are impatient with the rate at which most events take place, are doing do both or more things at once and cannot cope with leisure time time. They are obsessed with total, measuring their success in terms of how many or how much of everything they acquire. In contrast to the Type A personality is the Type B Personality. Type Bs never suffer from a sense of time urgency with its accompanying impatience. o Type Bs feel no need to display or deal either their achievements or accomplishments unless such picture is demanded by the situation. o Type Bs play for fun and relaxation, rather than exhibit their superiority at any apostrophize. o They can relax without guilt. Type A personality compared to Type B personality o Type As operate under moderate to high levels of stress. They subject themselves to continuous time pressure, are fast workers, quantity over quality, work long hours, and are withal rarely creative. Type As behavior is easier to predict than that of Type Bs. o Do Type As differ from Type Bs in their ability to dismount hired? ? Type As do better in job intervie ws are more likely to be judged as having desirable traits such as high drive, competence, and success motivation. 7. Proactive Personality Actively taking the initiative to alter their current circumstances while others sit by passively Proactives identify opportunities, show initiative, take action, and persevere. Create positive change in their environment. More likely to be seen as leaders and change agents More likely to achieve career success F. Personality and National Culture The five personality factors identified in the Big Five model are found in virtually all cross-cultural studies. There are no common personality types for a given country. There are Type As in every country, but they tend to be more found in capitalist countries. Values A. Introduction Values Represent Basic Convictions o A specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or accessiblely preferable to an opposite or conference mode of onduct or end-state of existence. o They have both content and intensity attributes. o An individuals set of values ranked in terms of intensity is considered the persons value system. o Values have the tendency to be stable. o many of our values were established in our early years from parents, teachers, friends, and others. B. Importance of Values Values lay the al-Qaida for the understanding of attitudes and motivation. Values generally influence attitudes and behaviors. We can predict reaction found on understanding values. C.Types of Values (Value partifications) 1. Rokeach Value Survey (Exhibit 43) This instrument reverts two sets of values each set has 18 value items. o Terminal Valuesrefer to desirable end states of existence. ? The goals that a person would like to achieve during his/her lifetime o Instrumental Valuesrefer to preferable modes of behavior. ? Means of achieving the terminal values o Several studies confirm that the RVS values vary among groups. o People in the same occupations or categories t end to hold similar values. Although there may be overlap among groups, there are some significant differences as well. 2. Contemporary Work Cohorts Different generations hold different work values. o Veteransentered the workforce from the early 1940s through the early 1960s. o Boomersentered the workforce during the 1960s through the mid-1980s. o Xersentered the workforce beginning in the mid-1980s. o Nextersmost recent entrants into the workforce. D. Values, Loyalty, and Ethical Behavior many another(prenominal) great deal regard there has been a decline in business ethics since the late 1970s. The four-stage model of work cohort alues might explain this perception (Exhibit 45). Managers consistently report the action of bosses as the most important factor influencing ethical and unethical behavior in organizations. III. Linking an Individuals Personality and Values to the Workplace A. The Person-Job Fit This concern is better(p) render in John Hollands personality-job f it theory. o Holland presents six personality types and proposes that satisfaction and the propensity to kick in a job depends on the degree to which individuals successfully match their personalities to an occupational environment.The six personality types are realistic, investigative, social, conventional, enterprising, and artistic o Each one of the six personality types has a congruent occupational environment. o Vocational taste sensation Inventory questionnaire contains 160 occupational titles. Respondents indicate which of these occupations they like or dislike their resolvings are used to form personality profiles. o The theory argues that satisfaction is highest and turnover lowest when personality and occupation are in agreement. B. The Person-Organization Fit roughly important for an organization facing a dynamic and changing environment, and requiring employees who are able to readily change tasks and move fluidly between teams It argues that people leave jobs th at are not compatible with their personalities. organisational Culture Profile (OCP) o Individuals have to sort their values in terms of importance. o Forced choice rulehaving to make hard choices that ones true values become spare o Match personal values to those of the organization.IV. Global Implications 1. Introduction Do personality frameworks like the Big Five Model transfer across cultures? There is a surprising amount of agreement across industrialized countries that they do. Values differ across cultures therefore, understanding these differences helps to explain and to predict behavior of employees from different countries. One of the most widely referenced approaches for analyzing variations among cultures has been done by Geert Hofstede. 2. Hofstedes Framework for Assessing Cultures Five value dimensions of national culture o Power distance The degree to which people in a country accept that precedent in institutions and organizations is distributed un evenly. o identity versus collectivism Individualism is the degree to which people in a country prefer to act as individuals rather than as members of groups. socialism equals low individualism. o maleness versus femininity Masculinity is the degree to which values such as the acquisition of money and material goods prevail. femininity is the degree to which people value relationships and show sensitivity and concern for others. Uncertainty shunning The degree to which people in a country prefer structured over unstructured situations. o Long-term versus short-term orientation Long-term orientations look to the time to come and value thrift and persistence. Short-term orientation values the past and present and emphasizes revere for tradition and fulfilling social obligations. Hofstede Research Findings o Asian countries were more collectivist than individualistic. o reward together postulates ranked highest on individualism. o German and Hong Kong rated high on masculinity. o Russia and The Netherlands were low on masculinity. China and Hong Kong had a long-term orientation. o France and the United States had short-term orientation. 3. The bollock Framework for Assessing Cultures Hofstedes work is the basic framework for assessing cultures. However, it is nearly 30 years old. In 1993, the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness ( testis) began updating this research with data from 825 organizations and 62 countries. earthly concern Framework for Assessing Cultures (Exhibit 48) o Assertiveness The extent to which a participation encourages people to be tough, confrontational, assertive, and competitive versus modest and tender. futurity orientation The extent to which a family encourages and rewards afterlife-oriented behaviors such as planning, investing in the future and delaying gratification. o Gender differentiation The extent to which a society maximized sexual practice role differences. o Uncertainly avoidance Societys relianc e on social norms and procedures to alleviate the unpredictability of future events. o Power distance The degree to which members of a society expect power to be unequally shared. o Individualism/collectivism The degree to which individuals are encourage by societal institutions to be coordinated into groups within organizations and society. In-group collectivism The extent to which societys members take pride in membership in pocketable groups such as their families and circles of close friends, and the organizations where they are employed. o Performance orientation The degree to which society encourages and rewards group members for performance improvement and excellence. o Humane orientation The degree to which a society encourages and rewards individuals for beingness fair, altruistic, generous, caring, and kind to others. GLOBE Research Findings o The GLOBE paper had extended Hofstedes work rather than replaced it. It confirms Hofstedes five dimensions are nonetheless v alid and provides updated measures of where countries are on each dimension. For example, the United States in the 70s led the mankind in individualismtoday, it is in the mid-ranks of countries. 1. Implications for OB Twenty years ago organizational behavior had a strong American bias Many of the studies were completed with just American samples Now there has been an accession in cross-cultural research OB is a international discipline V. SUMMARY AND IMPLICATIONS FOR MANAGERS A. Personality The Big Five provides a meaningful way for managers to examine personality ? Managers should look for employees high on conscientiousness ? Situational factors should be taken into consideration, they do jounce personality-job performance ? The MBTI can be used for teams to better understand each other B. Values ? Values influence a persons attitudes, perceptions and behaviors ? The Rokeach Values Survey can be used to measure an employees values ? Employees are often rewarded more often when their personal values match those of the organizationText work ups Myth or intelligence? Entrepreneurs atomic number 18 a Breed by This statement is true. A reexamination of 23 studies on the personality of entrepreneurs revealed significant differences between entrepreneurs and managers on four of the Big Five Entrepreneurs scored significantly higher on conscientiousness, emotional stability, and nudity to experience, and they scored significantly lower on agreeableness.though of course not every entrepreneur achieves these scores, the results clearly suggest that entrepreneurs are different from managers in key ways. A enrapturing study of MBA students provides one explanation for how entrepreneurs are different from others. Studying male MBA students with either some or no antecedent entrepreneurial experience, the authors found that those with prior experience had significantly higher levels of testosterone (measured by taking a saliva swab at the beginning o f the study) and also scored higher on risk propensity.The authors of this study concluded that testosterone, because it is associated with social dominance and aggressiveness, energizes individuals to take entrepreneurial risks. Because individual differences in testosterone are 80 per centumage inherited, this study adds more weight to the finishing that entrepreneurs are different from others. Whats the offspring of all this? An individual who is considering a career as an entrepreneur or a business owner might consider how she scores on the Big Five. To the extent that she is high in conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness and low in agreeableness, such a career might be for her. pattern doing Place the students in teams of five. 1. commit one set of teams brainstorm specific traits indwelling to being a good professor. 2. other set of teams should brainstorm job tasks handled by a good professor. 3. Have the teams record their criteria on the board. 4. As a class, create one set of five traits and five tasks for a professorial position. 5. Ask students what questions or teaching artifacts students would ask or review in matching professorial candidates to their jobs. foreign pic A Global PersonalityDetermining which employees will succeed on afield business assignments is often difficult for an organizations managers because the same qualities that predict success in one culture may not in another. Researchers, however, are naming personality traits that can help managers home in on which employees would be suited for foreign assignments. Organizational psychologist Robert Hogan, for example, states that emotional maturity, remaining composed under pressure, and being comfortable with uncertainty are traits that breed success in most jobs, and these traits may be especially of import for the overseas employee to possess.In addition, match to the Center for Global Assignments (CGA), successful global executives tend to be open-mi nded and imaginative, and they also enjoy lecture and networking with others. Other traits that have been linked to overseas employment success include end and risk tolerance. Viewed from the perspective of the Big Five, characteristics such as open-mindedness and curiosity are similar to the Big Five trait openness to experience, while characteristics such as enjoying talk of the town with others and networking resemble the Big Five trait extraversion.For the overseas employee, being more open and extraverted may be particularly helpful in breaching communication barriers and cultivating trust, which in turn promotes cooperation. What is the ultimate upshot for organizations? When it comes to choosing employees for global assignments, personality can make a difference. Source Based on J. E. Fernandez, The devising of a Global Executive, Journal of problem Strategy 24, no. 5, (2003), pp. 3638. Class Exercise While the chapter does not contain this element, you may beseech to choose from one of the other instructional resources provided for this chapter. pic IN THE pic Are U.S. Values Different? People in the United States are used to being criticized. After all, it was more than a century ago when the Irish playwright George Barnard Shaw wrote, Americans adore me and will go on tender me until I say something enough about them. But as a result of the Iraq War and the fact that the United States is the military mans lone remaining superpower, its citizens are taking unprecedented criticism abroad. One critic sneered, The American pursuit of wealth, size, and teemingnessas material surrogates for happinessis esthetically unpleasing and ecologically catastrophic. And many europiumans think that U. S. dults are obsessed with work. Some have even argued that the United States and atomic number 63 are becoming increasingly polarized. Overall, the United States is wealthier than Europe and has higher productivity. But whats wrong with that? Well, some s tats are not very positive. For example, compared to Europe, the United States is much more impetuous it has 685 prisons for every 100,000 people, compared to 87 in the European Union. The United States has also increasingly seemed to reward power with money. For example, in 1980, the middling chief operating officer in the United States earned 40 times the annual income of the average manufacturing employee.Today, that ratio is 4751 By comparison, the ratios are 241 in the U. K. , 151 in France, and 131 in Sweden. Finally, the United States contains 5 percent of the worlds population, but it is responsible for 25 percent of the worlds glasshouse gas outputwhich is, many scientists argue, responsible for global warming. Values may key out for some of these differences. For example, in a study of people in 14 countries, those in the United States were more likely than others to see natural resources as elements at their disposal. And compared to Europeans, U. S. dults are more li kely to believe that war is often necessary, that it is right to kill to conduct property, and that physical punishment of children is necessary. Do you think U. S. values are an underlying factor behind some of these social phenomena? Or is this academic U. S. bashing? Based on T. Judt, Europe vs. America, New York Review of Books, February 20, 2005, www. nybooks. com/articles/17726 P. W. Schultz and L. Zelezny, Values as Predictors of Environmental Attitudes Evidence for Consistency crosswise 14 Countries, Journal of Environmental Psychology, phratry 1999, pp. 255265 and A. McAlister, P. Sandstrom, P.Puska, A. Veijo, R. Chereches, and L. Heidmets, Attitudes Towards War, Killing, and Punishment of Children Among Young People in Estonia, Finland, Romania, the Russian Federation, and the USA, Bulletin of the World health Organization 79, no. 5 (2001), pp. 382387. Class Exercise This class exercise can help introduce the concept of ethnocentrism as it relates to value systems. It a lso may draw out some significant make do concerning the value system of Americans and others in the global economy. It is important to attempt to have students examine the arguments from a global perspective. 1. Have students break into minuscular groups.In each group have students examine each of the issues raised in the vignette (e. g. work obsession, crime and violence, executive compensation, physical exercise of natural resources). 2. Have students develop a value-based argument defending the position of the United States in terms of each of the issues. 3. Have students then take the same issues from a different global perspective. For example, you may wish to assign each group as a different culture (e. g. China, Japan, European Union, etc). 4. Have students report to the class. You may have an opportunity to encourage interesting debate of the issues.You should also in incorporated Hofstedes and GLOBEs cultural analyses in the discussion. orient ( ( counterpoint Traits Are Powerful Predictors of Behavioriii invest The essence of trait approaches in OB is that employees possess stable personality characteristics that significantly influence their attitudes toward, and behavioral reactions to, organizational settings. People with particular traits tend to be relatively consistent in their attitudes and behavior over time and across situations. Of course, trait theorists recognize that all traits are not equally powerful. They tend to put them into one of three categories.Cardinal traits are those so strong and infer that they influence every act a person performs. Primary traits are generally consistent influences on behavior, but they may not show up in all situations. Finally, secondary traits are attributes that do not form a critical part of the personality but come into play only in particular situations. For the most part, trait theories have cerebrate on the power of primary traits to predict employee behavior. Trait theorists do a clea n good job of meeting the average persons face-validity test. Think of friends, relatives, and acquaintances you have known for a number of years.Do they have traits that have remained essentially stable over time? Most of us would answer that question in the affirmative. If Cousin Anne was shy and nervous when we last saw her 10 years ago, we would be surprised to find her outgoing and relaxed now. Managers seem to have a strong belief in the power of traits to predict behavior. If managers believed that situations determined behavior, they would hire people almost at random and structure the situation properly. But the employee selection figure out in most organizations places a great deal of emphasis on how applicants perform in interviews and on tests.Assume youre an interviewer and ask yourself What am I looking for in job candidates? If you answered with terms such as conscientious, hardworking, persistent, confident, and dependable, youre a trait theorist. Counterpoint Few p eople would dispute that there are some stable individual attributes that affect reactions to the workplace. But trait theorists go beyond that generality and argue that individual behavior consistencies are widespread and account for much of the differences in behavior among people.There are two important problems with using traits to explain a large proportion of behavior in organizations. First, organizational settings are strong situations that have a large impact on employee behavior. Second, individuals are highly conformive, and personality traits change in response to organizational situations. It has been well known for some time that the effects of traits are likely to be strongest in relatively weak situations and weakest in relatively strong situations.Organizational settings tend to be strong situations because they have rules and other dinner gown regulations that define acceptable behavior and punish deviant behavior, and they have informal norms that dictate approp riate behaviors. These formal and informal constraints diminish the effects of personality traits. POINT/ differ (Continued) By arguing that employees possess stable traits that lead to cross-situational consistencies in behaviors, trait theorists are implying that individuals dont really adapt to different situations.But there is a maturement body of evidence that an individuals traits are changed by the organizations that individual participates in. If the individuals personality changes as a result of exposure to organizational settings, in what sense can that individual be said to have traits that persistently and consistently affect his or her reactions to those very settings? Moreover, people typically belong to multiple organizations that often include very different kinds of members. And they adapt to those different situations.Instead of being the prisoners of a firm and stable personality framework, as trait theorists propose, people regularly adjust their behavior to r eflect the requirements of various situations. Class Exercise 1. Divide the class into two groupsone group to take on the issues raised in commit, the other group to take on the issues raised in Counterpoint. You may loss to divide each half(a) into smaller groups to enable all class members to participate in the groups discussions. 2. Ask the class to act as an organizations management team.Their job is make a recommendation as to what types of interrogatory they will use in their organization when selecting employees for hire or promotion using the issues assigned by the Point/Counterpoint arguments. Which types of testing will be used and why? (You may want to give students time to do some researcheither Internet or Libraryon this topic. There are several exercises in the Exploring OB Topics on the World Wide Web division at the end of this chapter. ) 3. Have students present their recommendations to the class and make a decision as to what is the best argument for testing, type of test, etc.What gains do they expect as a result of the testing? 4. Have them list the recommendations and benefits on the board for the class to evaluate during the discussion. 5. You may want them to research the cost of implementing these tests in an organization. Does testing cost of testing offset the benefits? Questions for Review 1. What is personality? How do we typically measure it? What factors determine personality? attend to Personality is the sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others, the measurable traits a person exhibits. It is typically measured using self-reporting comes.Observer-ratings surveys that provide an independent sagacity of personality is often better predictors. Personality seems to be the result of both patrimonial and environmental factors. Heredity refers to factors determined at conception physical stature, facial attractiveness, gender, temperament, muscular tissue composition and reflexes, energy level, and bio-rhythms 2. What is the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), and what does it measure? Answer The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), is the most widely used instrument in the world to determine personality attributes.Participants are classified on four axes to determine one of 16 doable personality types. It measures extroverted/introverted detecting/intuitive thinking/feeling and judging/perceiving attributes. 3. What are the Big Five personality traits? Answer Extroversion Sociable, gregarious, and assertive Agreeableness Good-natured, cooperative and trusting Conscientiousness responsible, dependable and organized Emotional Stability calm, self-confident versus negative and depressed Openness to experience Curious, imaginative 4. How do the Big Five traits predict work behavior?Answer Certain traits have been shown to strongly relate to higher job performance For example, highly conscientious people develop more job knowledge, exert greater effort, and have better performance. Other Big Five Traits also have implications for work. Emotional stability is related to job satisfaction. Extroverts tend to be happier in their jobs and have good social skills. Open people are more creative and can be good leaders. Agreeable people are good in social settings. 5. Besides the Big Five, what other personality traits are relevant to OB?Answer Core Self-Evaluation The degree to which people like or dislike themselves Positive self-evaluation leads to higher job performance Machiavellianism A pragmatic, emotionally distant power-player who believes that ends justify the means. High Machs are manipulative, win more often, and persuade more than they are persuaded. They pomp when they have direct interaction, and work with negligible rules and regulations Narcissism depicted by an arrogant, entitled, big-chested person who needs excessive admiration.Predictably, they are less effective in their jobs. Self-monitoring, the ability to adjust behavior an d risk-taking, the ability to take chances are traits that are also relevant to OB. 6. What are values, why are they important, and what is the difference between terminal and instrumental values? Answer Values are basic convictions on how to conduct yourself or how to make out your life that is personally or socially preferable How To live life properly.They are important because they provide understanding of the attitudes, motivation, and behavior, they influence our perception of the world around us, they act interpretations of right and wrong and they Imply that some behaviors or outcomes are preferable over others. The difference between terminal and instrumental values is as follows Terminal Values are desirable end-states of existence the goals that a person would like to achieve during his or her lifetime.Instrumental Values are preferable modes of behavior or means of achieving ones terminal values. 7. Do values differ across generations? How so? Answer Yes, values diff er considerably across generations. ascendant work values for Veterans entering the workforce in the 19502 or early 1960s are hard-working, conservative, conformity and loyalty to the organization. In contrast, the Nexters in the workforce from 2000 to the present are confident, value financial success are self-reliant and loyal to both self and relationships. 8. Do values differ across cultures?How so? Answer Yes. According to Hofstede and the GLOBE Project, there are a number of values that differ across cultures Hofstedes Framework for assessing culture includes five value dimensions Power Distance Individualism vs. Collectivism Masculinity vs. Femininity Uncertainty evasion Long-term vs. Short-term Orientation When these variables are measured, countries vary considerably such as the U. S. ranking 1 in individualism while Colombia ranks 49th. Experiential Exercise WHAT organizational CULTURE DO YOU PREFER?THE organizational CULTURE PROFILE (OCP) CAN facilitate ASSESS WHETHER AN INDIVIDUALS set MATCH THE ORGANIZATIONS. THE OCP HELPS INDIVIDUALS SORT THEIR CHARACTERISTICS IN TERMS OF IMPORTANCE, WHICH INDICATES WHAT A PERSON VALUES. 1. on the job(p) on your own, complete the OCP below. 2. Your instructor may ask you the following questions individually or as group of three or four students (with a spokesperson prescribed to speak to the class for each group) a. What were your most preferred and least preferred values? Do you think your most preferred and least preferred values are similar to those of other class or group members? . Do you think there are generational differences in the most preferred and least preferred values? c. Research has shown that individuals tend to be happier, and perform better, when their OCP values match those of their employer. How important do you think a values match is when youre deciding where you want to work? Ethical Dilemma Hiring Based on Body Art Leonardos Pizza in Gainesville, Florida, regularly employs he avily tattooed workers. Tina Taladge and Meghan Dean, for example, are covered from their shoulders to their ankles in slanted tattoos.So many of the employees at Leonardos sport tattoos that body art could almost be a qualification for the job. Many employers, however, are not that open to tattoos. ask Russell Parrish, 29, who lives near Orlando, Florida, and has dozens of tattoos on his arms, hands, tree trunk, and neck. In searching for a job, Parrish walked into 100 businesses, and in 60 cases, he was refused an application. I want a career, Parrish says, I want same the shot as everybody else. Parrish isnt alone. Many employers, including Walt Disney World, GEICO, SeaWorld, the U. S.Postal Service, and Wal-Mart, have policies against microscopical tattoos. A survey of employers revealed that 58 percent indicated that they would be less likely to hire someone with visible tattoos or body piercings. Perception is everything when it comes to acquire a job, says Elaine Stover , associate director of career services at Arizona State University. Some employers and clients could perceive body art negatively. However, other employerssuch as believe of America, Allstate, and IBMallow tattoos. Bank of America goes so far as to have a policy against using tattoos as a factor in hiring decisions.Policies toward tattoos vary because, legally, employers can do as they wish. As long as the rule is employ equally to everyone (it would not be permissible to allow tattoos on men but not on women, for example), policies against tattoos are perfectly legal. Though not hiring people with tattoos is discrimination, its legal discrimination, said Gary Wilson, a Florida employment lawyer. Thirty-six percent of those aged 18 to 25, and 40 percent of those aged 26 to 40, have at least one tattoo, whereas only 15 percent of those over 40 do, according to a fall 2006 survey by the Pew Research Center.One study in American Demographics suggested that 57 percent of senior citi zens viewed visible tattoos as freakish. Clint Womack, like most other people with multiple tattoos, realizes theres a line that is dangerous to cross. While the 33-year-old infirmary workers arms, legs, and much of his torso are covered with tattoos, his hands, neck, and face are clear. Tattoos are a choice you make, he says, and you have to live with your choices. Questions 1. Why do some employers ban tattoos while others dont mind them?AnswerTattoos or body art is a choice for individuals and a choice for organizations as to whether they are acceptable or not. 2. Is it fair for employers to pass up applicants who have tattoos? Is it fair to require employees, if hired, to cloak their tattoos? Answer Yes to both questions. Fairness is determined by and based on the policies of the organization. As long as they are applied consistently, the organization has the right to determine whether or not tattoos, visible or differently are allowed. To avoid any antiblack issues, whate ver policy is in place must be administered fairly. . Should it be extrajudicial to allow tattoos to be a factor at all in the hiring process? Answer No. Many factors contribute to the hiring process including appearance. An organization has the right to determine the image of their respective company. Just as an organization establishes its culture, the employees reflect the reputation of the company. rule on tattoos would impair the organizations right to choose their own employees. Sources R. R. Hastings, Survey The Demographics of Tattoos and Piercings, HRWeek, February 2007, www. shrm. org and H.Wessel, Taboo of Tattoos in the Workplace, Orlando (Florida) Sentinel, May 28, 2007, www. tmcnet. com/usubmit/2007/05/28/2666555. htm> Case fortuity 1 THE RISE OF THE NICE chief operating officer? If asked to describe the traits of an effective chief operating officer, most people would probably use adjectives such as driven, competitive, and tough. While its clear that some hard- nosed CEOs, like Blackstone chief executive Stephen Schwarzman (see the chapter opener), are successful, recently some authors have suggested that being nice is really important in todays workplace, even in the CEO suite.In a recent book titled The No Ahole Rule Building a Civilized Workplace and Surviving One That Isnt, Stanford management professor Robert Sutton argues that getting on well with others is important to the successful carrying out of organizations. Many companies, such as Google, have developed policies to weed out those who habitually behave in an uncivil manner. Lars Dalgaard, CEO of SuccessFactors, a business software company, identifies himself as a recovering Fortune five hundred ahole. Now, Dalgaard has implemented a hard-and-fast no ahole rule in his company.Job interviews are lengthy and boast probing questions designed to uncover any browbeating tendencies. Last year, Dalgaard took candidates vying for a chief financial officer vacancy to lunch at a lo cal restaurant to see how they treated the wait staff. Some got a free lunch but postal code more. When managers and employees are hired, they get a congenial letter from Dalgaard that spells out 15 corporate values, the last of which is I will not be an ahole. Although its not clear whether theyve read Suttons book, some CEOs of Fortune 500 companies do seem to project the image of a kinder, gentler CEO. allows consider three examples, all of whom were proteges of old salt Welch when he was CEO of widely distributed Electric (GE) and of whom were candidates to be his successor sour grass Nardelli, pack McNerney, and Jeff Immelt. bottle cork Nardelli, former CEO, substructure Depot. When Bob Nardelli wasnt chosen to be CEO of GE, he demanded to know why. Didnt he have the best numbers? His bitterness was palpable, say GE insiders. When Nardelli became CEO of Home Depot, in his graduation few months on the job, he became notorious for his august manner and explosive temper .At one meeting, he yelled, You guys dont know how to run a f&8212ing business. When Nardelli was fired as CEO in 2006, it was due to a combination of factors, including Home Depots lackluster stock expense, but his peevish personality played no small part. BusinessWeek wrote With the stock price recently stuck at just over 40, roughly the same as when Nardelli arrived 6 years ago, he could no longer rely on other sterile metrics to assuage the quivering anger his arrogance kindle within every one of his key constituencies employees, customers, and shareholders. James McNerney, CEO, Boeing. These are heady age at Boeing, which commands record levels of new orders and dominates its European rival Airbus as never before. Most CEOs would take credit for this success. Not James McNerney, who gives the credit to Boeings engineers and employees. I view myself as a value-added facilitator here more than as someone whos crashing through the waves on the bridge of a frigate, he says. A former GE colleague compared Nardelli and McNerney, saying, Jims problems have been as tough, or tougher, than the ones that Bob had to face. But he has tried to assoil them in a much more pleasant way.The guy is loved over there at Boeing. Jeff Immelt, CEO, General Electric. Although Jeff Immelt is the first to point out that the nickname Neutron Jack for his predecessor Jack Welch was misleading, and that the differences between him and Welch are not as dramatic as some claim, Immelt is noted for his calm behaviour and trusting approach. In speaking of his approach, he said, I want to believe the best in terms of what people can do. And if you want to make a growth culture, youve got to have a way to training people and not make them fight so goddamn hard to get any idea through the door. Questions 1. Do you think Sutton is wrong and that the contrasting fortunes, and personalities, of Nardelli, McNerney, and Immelt are coincidental? Why or why not? Answer No, Sutton is cor rect. Interpersonal skills and the ability to develop relationships with people is increasingly more important in todays economy. The hard line, command and control style of management is no longer as effective as maybe it once was. Nardelli was fired undoubtedly because of the stock price but also because of his abrasive personality. 2. Do you think the importance of being nice varies by industry or type of job?How so? Answer No, the importance of being nice is based on personality and philosophy. Treating people with respect and trust is universal across industries and jobs. Nice also does not mean that the person is a welcome mat, but rather the person has a belief in the prosperous rule of treating people appropriately and the results will follow. 3. How comfortable would you be working in a culture like that of SuccessFactors, where a certain level of niceness is part of the job description? Answer This may vary by student, but companies should have core values by which all e mployees should abide.Teamwork and building relationships are paramount in successful companies so proper give-and-take of others should be a given. 4. Do you think being nice is the same as the Big Five trait of agreeableness? If so, do you think companies should screen out those who score low on agreeableness? Answer Agreeableness can be compliant and conforming. Companies also need free and innovative thinkers. This factor in terms of performance is important when applied to lower levels of deviant behavior. Nice may be defined as agreeable but you can be nice and thus far disagree in a well-mannered and respectful way.Companies should pay attention to this trait although it should not solely be used as a screening mechanism. 5. primarily we discussed the