Horse Whisperer

â€Å"Compare the ways personal experience is presented in â€Å"Horse whisperer† and another poem of your choice† The poems â€Å"Horse whisperer† and â€Å"The ruined maid† portray a sense of personal experience in their poems. Andrew Foster’s poem, â€Å"Horse whisperer† tells us about how a horse whisperer was used in his society when he was needed but was then kicked out as technology advanced whilst Thomas Hardy’s poem â€Å"The ruined maid† shows us how a young and innocent farm girl has turned into a posh and classy women due to a change in her lifestyle.In Fosters poem, the use of emotional language implies that he has a lot of love and passion for the horses he trains. The last stanza is only about the horses he used to train. The language he uses shows us that his feelings towards the horses will never change and that he still adores and admires them. The phrase ‘still I miss them’ suggests that he didnâ €™t want to go as he loved what he did in the past although he had no choice but to leave. On the other hand, Hardy’s poem uses modern language to make Melia sound more sophisticated.The first three lines of stanza three and now from the way she speaks. Line eleven highlights that as someone who was brought up in a low- class society before but is now acting classy and posh suggests that her occupation and lifestyle has become better when in fact it hasn’t as Melia is used by other men in her new society. Melia may feel she wants to go back to her old lifestyle due to her personal experience. Both poems coney a person being used for who they are. In addition, both poems use enjambment to portray their strong feelings towards society.The poem â€Å"Horse whisperer† uses personal pronouns and the third person to convey a sense of seperation in his society. The first stanza consists of the words ‘my’ and ‘their’. This highlights that t he horses in their society were seperated from the narrator and the horses owners, as maybe he was seen as someone different. In contrast, â€Å"The ruined maid† uses rhyming couplets every first and second line in each stanza. This strict principle the poet follows could symbolise the strict rules Melia has to follow in order for her to make a living in her society as she has to obey the rules she has been given.Her personal experience from before may suggest that the society she lives in now is so much different to old society. Moreover, both poems portray the feeling of pride. Forster’s poem conveys a feeling of revenge when the horse whisperer gets neglected by his society. The quote â€Å"My gifts were the tools of revenge† highlights that he is no longer going to be of help to anyone. The word ‘gift’ implies how he is going to now use his precious power of controlling horses against their owners as they treated him cruelly.However, â€Å"The ruined maid† portrays a sense of jealousy. Lines twenty- one and twenty- two highlight that Melia comes across as a person that is quite a classy person when in fact she isn’t as she ‘wishes’ that she had all those things that people would have in a high- class society. In conclusion, the â€Å"Horse whisperer† portrays love and jealousy at the same time whilst â€Å"The ruined maid† conveys a sense of insecurity and hate meaning that these poems are not very alike.

Hi Essay

I. m. s. a Essay My two favorite subjects are math and science! One reason is because I have fun learning and experimenting with each subject. Another reason I would enjoy the program is because I know science and math are going to be a big part of my future. I would really appreciate being part of this program because I know I will be furthering my education and having fun doing it. Having fun learning math and science is something I always enjoyed. I find every aspect in math and science to be interesting. I find this interesting because I like being challenged in subjects I enjoy.The imsa fusion program seems very educational and very enjoyable. I think the imsa fusion will help me gain more knowledge experimenting with math and science. I believe joining this program will help me further my education and help me achieve some of my future goals! Being that this is my first year at the magnet academy joining the imsa fusion will also help me make new friends along the way that shar e the same interest as me. I plan on learning new things and have new experiences from this club that will help me understand more about these subjects.I have never had an opportunity like this to be in a club where I can learn more about these incredible subjects. I am also happy to join this after school program because I like to keep myself occupied. But most of all I know in the long run this program will help me jumpstart my path to success. So If I am chosen for this program I promise to work hard and try my best in each lesson given to my peers and I, because not only do I work well with others I will also help them if needed. Choosing me to be a part of this program will not only keep me motivated in reaching my goals, but I will be having fun learning something I really enjoy!

Give Me No Epiphanies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Give Me No Epiphanies - Essay Example rney and Kibbe’s views, a restricted government where politicians stand for the principles of personal liberty and autonomy and the people lobby for the restoration of these principles in the government. Arney and Kibbe are against the epiphany of Republicans that they should be more like Democrats to win, and instead, they stress that the latter must focus on the progressive ideals of good governance. Arney and Kibbe explain that Republicans should go back to their fundamental beliefs, where the people must control the government, and not the other way around. â€Å"Against Epiphanies† demonstrates that their epiphany about governance is radiant because for Arney and Kibbe, only a restricted government can resolve American society’s and government’s ills. Their epiphany lies in contradiction to the Democratic epiphany that America needs more government because they argue that the government needs more people who have personal liberty and autonomy to make individual and collective decisions. They also criticize the rise of Big Corporations that support and benefit from Big Government. Hence, Arney and Kibbe see themselves in a new light, where they persuade peop le to work together through small contributions and actions, so that they can change their government and put control back to the people. â€Å"Against Epiphanies† demonstrates that Give Us Liberty is a political epiphany because of what Arney and Kibbe discover about civil society and the government. They realized that they do not need to be politicians to promote social and political changes. They only have to gather enough mass influence to pressure politicians to change their politics by going back to the essential principles that can make the U.S. a great country once more- the principles of individual freedom and autonomy, not the principles of Big Government and Big

Methods of Engagement in Afghanistan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Methods of Engagement in Afghanistan - Essay Example The long battle with the Soviet Union which eventually ended in the late 1980’s and gave rise to the Taliban government. The retreat of the Soviet Union gave room for rebel forces from within the country to rage civil war on the Mujahedin government. In 1996 the Taliban took over the country and imposed strict Islamic law over the people. The use of harsh punishments, the segregation of women and the practice of public executions forced international support to pull back their resources leaving Afghanistan in a state of rubble and chaos. Despite many attempts by the United States administration to reach agreements with the Taliban, they were never recognized as the official government of Afghanistan. The attack of the twin towers on U.S. soil prompted the United States to launch a â€Å"war on terrorism† coalition in search of Osama Bin Laden believed to be the leader of Al Qaeda. The Taliban refused to disclose the location of Osama, which resulted in yet another war o n Afghan soil. The Taliban was militarily removed by the end of 2001. After nearly 20 years of continuous warfare disaster, Afghanistan is left in much need of international support in order to rebuild a stable country. Success regarding â€Å"nation building† within Afghanistan depends primarily on local support and involves a combination of tactics. After years of warfare devastation and corrupt governments the nation is in desperate need of a reliable structure. In order to gain the confidence of the population within Afghanistan, they must be free to choose their voice. As an Islamic nation, the leaders of the government must respect and hold the same values of its people. In order to address individual needs it is imperative to hold public assemblies as well as meet with tribal leaders. This will help to increase the faith of the people and create an understanding with their government. This will reduce further risk of civil wars against administration. Enforcing laws an d regulations against internal corruption will also bring peace within the country. With a stable government in place backed by the trust of the citizens, concentration on re-building the nation’s economy can begin. By proving to the people that in laying down their weapons and working collectively with their government they would have more to gain then continuing to fight. Afghanistan stands to be one of the poorest countries in the world. There are many levels that need to be addressed in order to work out a functioning economy within Afghanistan. Prioritizing the basic foundations such as education, medical, housing and employment will lead to the success of the economical situation and the development of the country. The majority of the population lives in rural areas without clean water or electricity. There is a shortage of housing and employment despite international aid. Due to years of destruction and draught the country’s agricultural sector has taken a sever hit. Most of the area is still filled with land minds and debris, leaving the land dangerous and uncultivable. Major cleaning and restoration is needed in order to help to farming community. There is also a sever lack of animals; the migration during the invasion of the Soviet Union resulted in the loss of most of the country’s live stock. Because agriculture is the primary source of income of most of the population, functioning strategies should be implemented to help local farmers. Working jointly

OUT OF THE LOOP IN SILICON VALLEY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

OUT OF THE LOOP IN SILICON VALLEY - Essay Example So many start-up tech companies are set up in the region annually, but nearly all of them are led by men. Those exceptional ones that are founded by women face difficulties in getting funding for projects. So, despite being progressive in many respects, there is yet no complete acceptance of women in top managerial roles. Another issue raised by the article is the stereotyping of women’s possible career paths right from high-school. It is partly true that many girls do not have a natural inclination toward subjects such as math and science. But even those who show interests in these subjects are either discouraged, denied opportunity or under-funded in fulfilling their aspirations. A third key issue raised by Ms. Claire Miller is the practical difficulties faced by women entrepreneurs, especially young women who wanted to raise families. Such issues discussed in Out of the Loop are highly relevant to contemporary American society and are analyzed in detail by Jessica Valenti i n her popular recent book Full Frontal Feminism. In an attempt to bring awareness about Feminism to the younger generation of women, Valenti uses easy language and accessible real-life examples to illustrate her points.

Business ethic aboute Nike Companey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Business ethic aboute Nike Companey - Essay Example Loveleena Rajeev (2009) supposed that â€Å"the lack of business ethics in the market, is the reason the world economy is presently in crisis†. Ethics, in its simplest definition is the perception of right and wrong. Our urbane and civilized world is anchored in ethical values, where without it, the society will be in chaos and disarray (Smith & Smith, 2009). It follows that business ethics â€Å"are moral values and principles, that determine our conduct in the business world† which refer to all aspects and phases in commerce (Rajeev, 2009). In a sense, it should not have been a contentious matter as the conduct of business is simply about delivering and/or exchanging advantages with the firm making profits from it, however, the emergence of â€Å"greed has led the present business scenario towards unethical business practices, legal complications and general mistrust (Rajeev, 2009)† The need for ethical behaviour especially in business leapt from this mire of distrust. Thus the framework of ethical business practices outlines â€Å"a code of conduct that facilitates, if not encourages, public confidence in their products and services (Smith & Smith, 2009). This structure provides guiding principles in getting through ethical dilemma posed in the conduct of business to encourage fair practices and unbiased results, always putting the best interest of the concerned sectors in mind. One such company which found itself in the middle of an ethical scandal is one of the world’s largest shoe manufacturers, Nike, Inc. The controversy was nicknamed Nike’s sweatshop as it pertained to the offshore production houses of the company which was alleged to have poor labour practices and exploitation of manpower. Nike was born from the coming together of Phil Knight and Bill Bowerman which in its early stages imported sports shoes from Japan. In two decades, this shoe manufacturer was able to conquer about half of the world market after it

Shiva Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Shiva - Research Paper Example The Denver Art Museum is famous for its rich Asian collection full of distinguished artifacts. More than five thousand objects of this prominent collection are exhibited in twenty two thousand square feet of gallery space. The large-scale Asian art collection occupies the galleries on the fifth floor of the Denver Art Museums North Building and contains objects that extend back over six thousand years ("Asian Art"). A thirteenth century bronze statue of Shiva Nataraja, known as the Lord or King of Dance, is one of the museums oldest high-profile exhibits. It depicts one of the most important of Hindu deities, Shiva, as a divine dancer. Shiva is translated from Sanskrit as "auspicious god", which is one of the primary embodiments of God in Hinduism. According to the Hindu mythology Shiva must destroy the world as we know it to cause the awakening of Brahma, another influential Hindu God responsible for the recreation of the universe (Gruenwald, and Marchand). Hindus believe that every thing that has a beginning must have an end. Thus, the statue of Shiva as a Lord of Dance is a bright illustration of this belief. They believe that Shiva is responsible for destruction of the illusions of individuality in the first place, thus Shivas dance has to be perceived as a catharsis for each and everyone. The abovementioned statue of Shiva has its origins in Tamil Nadu Province of India and was created 1100s during the rule of the Chola dynasty, which was one of the most powerful and long-lasting dynasties in the history of southern India ("Asian Art"). During the rule of Chola dynasty a number of magnificent Shiva temples famous for its exuberant architecture were built in southern India and numerous sculptures and bronzes of Shiva were created (Gruenwald, and Marchand). The sculpture of Shiva Nataraja is probably one of the most sophisticated artworks of exquisite beauty

Application of Financial Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Application of Financial Statement - Essay Example The Income Statement The income statement is â€Å"a financial statement listing all revenue and expenses for a fiscal period leading to net income or net loss: a statement that describes the operations of a business over a period of time (fiscal period)† (Kravitz, 1999 p63). The income statement is therefore a financial statement that shows the results of the operations of a business. This involves financial information about the income that a business makes and the expenditure that the business incurs over a given period of time. In effect, the income statement matches the revenue of a business with its expenses and provides the net income or net loss. In other words, the income statement provides an insight into the kind of revenue inflows and outflows that were incurred during the normal trading activity of the business. Another aspect of the income statement is that it is a period statement. In other words, it captures the financial picture of a business's trading activit ies over a defined period of time. This means that the income statement is mainly concerned with how a business performed in trade over the specified period of time. Tracey (2009) identifies that the main purpose of the income statement is to identify the profit or loss made by a business in a given period of time (p13). This means that the income statement identifies the performance of a business in terms of how much profits or losses that the business made over the specified period for which the accounts were prepared. This shows clearly that the income statement is mainly a tool for the measurement of the financial viability or otherwise of a given business in a stated period of time. â€Å"The income statement summarizes the sales revenue and expenses of a business for a period, usually 1 year† (Tracey, 2009 p13). This indicates that most businesses prepare their income statements over a period of 12 months. The GAAP and other legal statutes require businesses to prepare financial statements once every 12 months. However, in some instances, a business might opt to prepare an income statement for periods that are less or more than the 12 month period. If a business began trading in the middle of they year, they many prepare income statements for a period that is less than 12 months. Such a financial statement might be pro-rated for taxation and other financial purposes. This means that the number of months for which the accounts were prepared will be identified and divided by the 12 months period to find out the true worth for certain statutory purposes like tax. Typically, the tax rate that is invoked on such a business is calculated by identifying the number of months for which the accounts were prepared and dividing it by 12 before the figures are multiplied by the annual tax rate. The main motive is that income statements must be prepared over a given period and there should be definite cut offs within which the income and expenditure captured ar e compared. Tracey (2009 p13) identifies four main steps in the preparation of income statements. In the first step, the sales revenue is matched with the cost of goods or services that were sold. In other words, this involves the matching of income or payments made by customers to the business against the cost the business incurred in producing the goods sold.

The Audience Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Audience Assignment - Essay Example Every essay has a point to make, and the point is communicated to the potential audience and strives to instil some emotions or thought process into the people who are reading the article; therefore, the writer should bear in mind the people who read the essay so that he can chart out the point in an effective manner. The technique to writing an effective essay is to become one’s own audience at the time of writing the essay. Once the writer starts to write the essay, he should keep reviewing it so that he can know when he is making a mistake or how he should go about writing the essay so that the message is sent across easily and efficiently. Furthermore, he or she must be able to keep checking each and every paragraph of the essay and put himself or herself in another person’s shoes and comprehend from that point of view. If he or she is able to sense clarity within the essay, then the essay should go on; if not, then certain changes need to be made from the point of view of the targeted audience so that they will be able to understand the essay better. Every time that an author sets about to write a piece of persuasive text, the main thing to be kept in mind is who should be persuaded. Every essay is directed towards a particular group of people and aimed towards providing information to a particular aspect of society. If the author of the essay is able to persuade the minds of the targeted audience, then the main objective of the essay has been met. If not, then changes need to be made within the text in order to help the people understand what the essay is actually trying to say. For example, an essay on race cars would be directed at a particular group of people who are fanatics or contain a passion about the dynamics of racing and race cars; other people who have no idea about the same phenomenon will not be able to understand the point of the essay, no matter how hard they try, and will find it boring to read because of lack of understandi ng. Previously, two essays on personal reflection were written by me that were mainly aimed at a particular audience trying to understand the intricacies of writing essays and understanding grammar related to the same. The essay comprised comprehending personal reflection, prewriting strategies, as well as free-writing and focused writing etc, and could not have been understood by a lay man with no interest in writing essays or reading them. The second essay was directed towards an audience that would understand the need of having a child and how I felt when my first daughter was born. Not all types of audiences will be able to understand those emotions; thus, there was a specific type of people that could comprehend what I was trying to say within that essay. Simply speaking, it is important for any author to keep an audience in mind while writing an essay because the audience is the main object towards which the essay is to be delivered to. Every author wants his or her essays to be read by someone, appreciated, as well as criticised, and only a specific audience can do that for the author. The audience needs to be persuaded and made understood that the ideas within the essay written by the author are what he is trying to say and convey to other people with a view for them to inculcate the same within their lives. Furthermore, receiving a response from the audience helps the

Urban Nomadism - Tecno Nomadism - Neo Nomadism Thesis

Urban Nomadism - Tecno Nomadism - Neo Nomadism - Thesis Example A nomadic life can give you every freedom you wish to access in life. There is no tension about office work, boss firing and other daily tensions. Driving out to the open road is not a mere imagination now and it has turned to be a reality with the technology favoring the aspiring generation. In this urban environment, an individual or a family has the right to choose nomadism as their culture and it is appreciable and acceptable in this mobile world. However, nomadic lifestyle is considered as an uncivilized way of living by the sedentary society. What could be the reason behind this? There might be different reason for people to switch over to this type of living style. Some of us consider the style during the retirement life, this is the time when we wish to be free from homely tensions and want to enjoy life. Another group of people are those who are homeless and have no other option than choosing nomadic life, also fly out to road. However, the case is different with modern noma ds, who also consider about earning, living, saving as well as connecting to people along with enjoying the fun on being free. Nomads love to have freedom, fun and more space for relationships and want to stay away from day to day tensions. Luckily, the present day technological efficiency has made it easy for anyone to be anywhere both virtually as well as physically at any time and thus, techno nomadism is a reality. Though, the life of nomads are filled with fun and adventure, they need to face numerous challenges primary areas that influenced the modern nomads are the prototype of free venture and marketing that offers a better economic prosperity. However, the initial point that arises in a nomadic mind is the transportable tools and environment. What are the best types of transportable tools that are ideal for a modern nomadic lifestyle? As a solution to this haunting question, a wide study is performed and discussed here. The most wonderful point of discussion is the architec tural creativity that made a space for easy transportation and survival for the modern as well as the post modern nomads. This paper purely talks about the emergence of neo nomadism with respect to the technological effects and the means of leading a nomadic culture. The significance of nomadic atmosphere and architecture suitable for a modern, comprehensive and rapidly growing mobile community is studied and discussed. A thesis focusing on the methods and architectural problem associated with a modern nomadic lifestyle is included. The tools that are crucial and adjustable to a logical transportable environment are studied while focusing on a hybrid infrastructure, service and efficacy. It also discusses the perfect solutions and the effective utilization of simple architectural tools and construction techniques to lead a modern nomadic life. Along with a simple transportation, easy construction and wonderful nomadic lifestyle, a person also needs to consider the chances of a great earning. This can be achieved to specific tools and effective communication networks. Excellent ideas and solutions are discussed here that can help the nomads overcome all the challenges related to transportation, communication and earnings. Now, let us see how nomadism is ruling this modern world and how the nomads are overcoming the challenges that face during their adventurous life. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW Ancient world witnessed the nomadic culture

Archaeology and Mayan People Essay Example for Free

Archaeology and Mayan People Essay 1. According to Principle 3 of the American Archaeology Statement on Ethics, an archaeologist should drop and avoid any activities or words that would enhance the buying and selling of archaeological Mayan objects. This is demonstrated in the Apocalypto movie, especially those Mayan objects that have not been introduced to the public view, or available for scientific study and display. For example, if the black knife of one of the main warriors in the Apocalypto film was valuable to Mayan people, then the archaeologist who reviews the movie should not mention nor speak about the knife’s value or its estimated price to the public world. If he failed to do so, the object might be sold. Therefore, that action will destroy the important information that is needed to understand the archaeological record of the Mayan people and their cultures. 2. The village life is peaceful, joyful, and they dressed in small pieces of rags. The houses are made of dry leaves and trees. Their source of light is bon fires, and they usually gather around at night to tell stories. The city life is quite harsh. The place is dried up with limited, dirty water. Slaves are the only one working; they’re covered in white pounder. City people have colorful body paint, dresses, and hats. Their ritual is the sacrificing people from the villages. Andrea Stone stated that Mayan rituals always structured in precise time and positioning under the ranked and hierarchy people in specific order, along with beautiful dance prior to them. But the movie portrayed that time as chaos and mad cheering. Also, massive slavery labors is an unfamiliar in that period of time. Stone implied that Mayan villagers don’t lie around in dirt near the fire like hunter-gatherers. Moreover, Mayan woman put their hair up in neat bun and they don’t wear beads unlike Jaguar’s wife. Additionally, Mayan warriors wield clubs, spear, and shield not smashing heavy-metal savage showed in the film. And Mayan territory has scarlet macaw, not blue and gold macaw and howler monkey. Andrea also said that some of the costumes in the movie came after the Classic period such as turquoise jewelry and gold bead, and hair inaccurately putted in corn row. The movie made an assumption that Mayan has stick through the nose. This is a stereotype and inaccurate, Stone wrote.

Children and young peoples work force Essay Example for Free

Children and young peoples work force Essay Understand what is required for competence in own work role. 1.1 describe the duties and responsibilities of own work.W  hats in the contract  hours Lines of reporting  specific roles and responsibilities (behavioural support, supporting children and young people with special educational needs, supporting be;inhgual children and young people0  compliance with policies and procedures of the setting (behaviour, children and young people protection, health and safety, keeping up to date with changing procedures, keeping up to date with changes to practice). 1.2 explain expectations about own work role as expressed in relevant standards.  standards relevant to own work role, eg national occupational standards for childrena care, learning and development ( NOS CCLD),  national occupational standars for learning, development aqnd support services ( NOS LDSS)  -in relation to own duties and responsibilities eg role to expectations to meet standards eg CCLD 202 help to keep children safe, see more:explain expectations about own work role as expressed in relevant standards CCLD 303 promote childrens development LDSS 320 support the needs of children and young people with additional requirements, GCU 6 reflect on, develop and maintain your practice  course apprenticehsip notes  coursework starter  hayley  rough notes  guidelines  to use for when get stuck  in starter pack LDSS 320 support the needs of children and young people with additional requirements, GCU 6 reflect on, develop and maintain your practice

Leadership Styles And Their Role As A Strategic Manager Business Essay

Leadership Styles And Their Role As A Strategic Manager Business Essay INTRODUCTION:- This study is based on leadership styles and their role as a strategic manager and impact of these leadership styles on the overall performance of the organization. Through this study, we will also come to know that how different kinds of leadership style are adopted by strategic managers to attain their organizational goals and prospective. LINK BETWEEN STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP:- Leaders are the persons who actually made strategies for the company. They set objective, goals and future prospectus of the company. They are dealing as a strategic manager and leader at the same time. In other words they are the major stakeholders due to heavy investment in business. After making strategies, leaders forward their decision to their subordinate team members and they make strategies how to achieve those goals. LITERATURE REVIEW:- a leader is someone who exercises influence over other people. (Huczynski and Buchanan,1933) Leadership is a lifting of people vision to a higher sight, the raising of their performance toa higher standard, the building of their personality beyond its normal limitations (P.F.Drucker,2001) the leader must have infective optimism. The final test of a leader is the feeling you have when you leave presence after a conference. Have you a feeling of uplift and confidence? (Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery, 1956) In 1986 Peters and Austin highlighted the characteristics of leaders and also compared it with managers (Non-Leaders). LEADERS MANAGERS Provide necessities to people Provide consultancy/solutions to everyone. Flexible to adjust among people Dont put their selves into formalities Provide solution at doorstep Work more than others Keep in contact with everyone Listen everyone Easily access by common people Fair dealing with all Make good decisions Dont make any discrimination Happy to deal with tough problems of people Persistent to outcome Provide simplify directions Tolerance in attitude Make close relations with people Strong faith He trusts people Ambassador of people for critical issues Dont waste time on unproductive works Dont like to praise himself by others Takes blame for any mistake Happy to give credit/reward to others Provide effective feedback to improve efficiency Good command on business and getting work by employees Dont get into formal discussion Happy to work under pressure One face person Open minded Try to reduce paperwork environment Encourage own staff to be promoted Make promises and honour these Dont have luxury office Priority is companys success Dont shy to learn from mistakes Supervise more people Give instructions to employees about work Dont happy to live among people Put himself into formalities Staff cannot access him easily Work less than others Dont like to get involve with inferior groups Good communication skills Biased among employees Seek support by groups Overconfident Good command to dodge people Hesitate to take decisions Mostly confused Having less patience Does not create close relations with people More flexible for seniors Create paper environment Holds decisions and information Waste time on un-related works and sources Prominent Keen to find culprits Always find ways to take credit Always search information Biased while assigning work Hatred to all staff members Evaluate business for his/her benefit only Try to find out new ways to handle employees Write lengthy formal letters equivocates hold tactics to handle situation have mysterious life style involve more paperwork find better alternatives in other organizations lack of making promising seeking for luxury office give priority to him/her self scare to find and learn from mistakes Leadership and management are key players of an organization. Both play a tremendous role in the progression of the company. The below are some key features of leadership and management working together to achieve strategic objectives. Vision Strategy:- Leaders define vision and make strategy for future goals and prospective. But on the hand, it is the responsibility of manager to make strategy to attain vision set by leaders. He has to look after all the operational activities of the organization and make staff more productive and efficient. Change and stability:- Whenever leaders feel, they bring changes in organizations and managers arrange stability in changing environment of organization and make tasks more smooth and optimistic. Energizing and monitoring:- Leadership boost up employees to improve their performance and the manager keep an eye on employees performance and utilize human resources in best possible way. To be a successful company, it involves managers and leaders at the same time. But manager should be leader and leaders dont have to inevitably be manager. National council for education in Management leadership published a research project under the title of leadership development: best practice guide for organizations (2001). in this publication, they highlighted nine principles of best practices under three heading. STRATEGIC IMPERATIVES:- Leadership development, to be effective, must be driven from the top with specialist support. It should be designed to support and drive the business, cultural differences and different approaches to development. STRATEGIC CHOICES:- An articulated framework for career development. Variable amounts of formal and informal development. Grow your own senior people or hire them in. The value of competency frameworks and performance management. Retention and reward strategies. EVALUATION:- An explicit and shared evaluation process:- Now a days, organization we find different people withholding different kind of powers. They perform their duties but they act of behalf of leaders of the company. They use power to be more productive and result oriented. There are five kind of powers we find in most of the organisation. Legitimate power:- The person who holds this kind of power is because of his/her position in organization. Coercive power:- This type of power mostly production managers hold because they use it to control people and produce result according to set schedule. Reward power:- Leader has the ability to give benefits and rewards to result oriented employees. Expert power:- These people enjoy power because of their skills, expertise and knowledge. They also treated in organization as benchmark. Referent power:- There are some people who have desirable resources and qualities. ANALYSE THE IMPACT OF MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP STYLES ON STRATEGIC DECISIONS SABRI GROUP OF COMPANIES Sabri group of companies was established in 1960 and now it has largest distribution networks in signage media all over Pakistan. It is one of the most diversified businesses in Pakistan. This is also the first company in Pakistan who fixed manufacturing flex substrate plant. Organizational chart http://sabrigroup.pk/ LEADERSHIP AND MANAGERIAL STYLE IN SGC:- It is very settled organizational structure. Although it is a family business and the most eldest person is assumed to be the main decision maker of the organization especially when heavy amount of funds are required. If we analyse the structure of Sabri Group of Companies (SGC), then we realized that it fits in one of the structural form of Henry Mintzberg which is Simple Structure. Small companies operate like this structure and SGC is one of them. Owner his self makes most of the main decisions but he also gets consent of his team managers. By having this simple structure, management can respond quickly to any problem. Although it is not very big organization but it has established its decision making structure. Their decision making structure is involved the following principles; Extent of control Centralization Dissect ion of labour Departmentalization By having extent of control, the total number of people will be determined according to the size of the work so they can be effectively managed. All subordinates have been assigned their tasks and they perform their daily tasks according to given format. This activity leads to little interaction between employees and supervisor and supervisor can supervise more employees in same time. All the staff members have been assigned their tasks and jobs very clearly and they perform their work more effectively and well organized way. As management needed, it assigned some departmentalization tasks and people having same kind of skills in one department work together. They also share their experiences and learn from others. TASK 2 A VISION OF LEADERSHIP TEAM WORK AUTOCRATIC LEADERSHIP:- Management observed that market is going to very diversified and versatile then it decided to go for diversification. It took very bold decision and decided to launch new brands and it also rebranded all its existing products. By analysing future growth, company took this step and company put pressure to team members to product positive results. THE PERSUASIVE:- As company has taken the decision at its own; now it felt that it has to motivate its team members to produce good results. It put a lot of efforts to share its vision and future prospective with employees. Without having a clear picture of companys objectives, team members cannot produce as per desired level. THE CONSULTATIVE:- Although leader has to authority to take final decision. But it seems to be looking better to get consent from other team members. By this exercise, the morale of the whole team gets high and everyone feels proud to be a part of new strategic decision. These activities also result in to develop nurturing self-esteem, developing mutual trust, inviting participating. DEMOCRATIC LEADERSHIP:- This organizations leadership strategies are very much close to democratic leadership. While launching new or revise existing policies or deciding to go for diversification, it discusses with its group/ team members and get their consent. All the team members play a very vital role to attain the future prospective of the company because all know the importance and worth of these prospective. Through this company cant only come out with effective decision and policies but also it know the implementation of the decision? All members have already taken precautions and threats to attain this target. All the group members become very much enthusiastic and perform in positive ways. Everyone feels that his act is very important to company thats why his sense of responsibility increases and perform for the betterment of the company. SITUATIONAL LEADERSHIP:- According to situation and importance of the task, leaders appointed other persons as a leader for a specific task. By doing this, not only they handle situation with very positive way but also they set examples for other that they can also lead other people if they have the ability to do so. MIAN MUHAMMAD MANSHA YAHA FROM PAKISTAN He has established 40 companies. He owns the Muslim Commercial Bank is also setting up a $ 17m paper mill. He is one of the richest Pakistanis around. NISHAT GROUP It is a group which established and developed by Mian Mansha. Nishat group is a leading organization which is serving in Textiles, Cement and Financial Services. It has assets of over Rs.300 billion (US$ 5 billion), it is also one of the top five leading companies of Pakistan. It has the privilege to be largest and trend setter player in each sector stated above. Common goal:- Nishat group has established group of people who work for them. They clearly shared their vision and goals with team members. They prepared them so well to accomplish task collectively. Broad knowledge and prospective:- All team members of this company are very skilled persons. They use their skills to make task easier and also share ideas for future tasks. All persons are very supportive to each other. Improved return on change investment:- They are very innovative persons and in true sense they are the key players for implementing strategies. They always in search of finding ways and means to make positive change in organization. They also seek ways to reduce companys investment and use current resources in better ways. Better use of facts and data:- Team members effectively use available facts and data in very efficient manners and make realistic policies. They try to reduce hypothecation environment. They use data as reference and make future strategies accordingly. Faster response to challenge and opportunities:- They are very flexible to modify themselves according to situation. They are happier to face new challenges and enjoy opportunities. In their opinion it is a way to enhance and utilize our interpersonal skills. Not only they work for productivity of company but also at the same time they grow themselves. Bring solution:- They are the actual representatives of leaders. They always bring solutions rather than contacting leaders and seeking for solution. It is their duty to handle situation without wastage of time. The progress of company is very much dependant on their turns. Behavioural approach:- The leadership of this company is very much close to behavioural approach because most of the decisions are based on real time situations and leaders are keen to solve problems by interacting others. Leadership is also interested to understand other people behaviour and convert it for productive purpose. It may be related to interpersonal skills by directing and providing them proper training. Leaders proof themselves as roll model and motivate employees to be like them. Management grid:- Task orientation:- Management is very much concerned about its tasks completion and productivity. They have zero tolerance in this regard. People orientation:- This organization knows the importance of teams members and it tries to establish very good relation with its co-workers / managers. Sometimes it get involved with its staff members by creating emotional environment and giving them thought that they are the main key players for the organization and people work as its their own company. This organization is the mix of different kind of leadership styles. Top management changes its leadership style according to the need of the company. KEY TASKS OF CORPORATE LEADERS:- Sharing vision and objectives:- Mian Mansha has developed a team who works according to his vision and action plan. Although his prospective is very broad but he shared and explained it with his team members to make it more effective and realistic. Determining and overseeing the courses of action:- He does no let people free to do all the tasks at their own. He also evaluate all the tasks and give opinion on them. He also help subordinates to make their action plan more effective and efficient. Leading a continuous organization process:- Being the leader of the organization, he gets involve themselves in all the processes of the organization. He is a keen researcher to dig out methods to improve procedures. Promote and Manage valuable knowledge:- He is very much concern about managing employees. He encourages and promotes efficient employees. He has made retention policies for productive employees. Achieving a quality of life in the organisation:- He tries to develop quality culture in his organization. He believes that quality culture leads to produce quality employees. Although it is not easy to establish quality environment within organization but he still treat it at priority. Partridge observed (1989, p205) that Managerial work across all levelsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ is characterised by pace, brevity, variety, and fragmentationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦it is hectic and fragmented, requiring the ability to shift continuously from relationship to relationship, from topic to topic, from problem to problem. THE FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT:- Every management has 5 main functions to establish. If he/she successfully develop these areas then they are on right track towards their goals. Planning Organising Commanding Co-ordinating Controlling MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVES (MBO):- This idea developed by Peter Drucker (1940s and 1950s) and he stated this in his book the practice of management (1955). Setting objective for the organisation Organizing the work Motivating the employee Job measurement Developing people Set out their clean objectives Make plans to enable objectives Implement those plans Monitor and evaluate WHY DO LEADERS ADOPT DIFFERENT STYLES? In 1976, F.Fielder argued that it is easier to change someones role or power, or to modify the job he has to do, than to change his leadership style. P. Hersey and K.H. Blanchard argued that A leaders strategy should not only take account of the situation, but also thee maturity of those who are led. The leaders have TASK BEHAVIOUR OR RELATIIONSHIP BEHAVIOUR. On the following grounds, leaders decided that which leadership sytle they have to use. Delegating Participating Selling Telling Wright and Taylor in 1984, developed a checklist to help leaders to improve employee performance. What is the problem? It is the responsibility of leaders to take necessary action to find out the problem. It should be considered the know the background of problems then get some solution. Is it serious enough to spend time on? Management evaluate problems then take actions accordingly. If management find out to solve this problem is useful for company and it is not wastage of time then they treat it as most important task and solve it as early as possible. Because employee performance is directly related to production. What reasons may there be for the problem? How can it be solved? They also highlighted some alternatives for the problems solving and implement one best to fit it. Evaluating of the leaders performance:- There is also a need to evaluate leaders performance. Because they also have to assess their selves with the passage of time. They develop strategies to grow and establish themselves. They are the persons who create directions for whole organization. Emotional intelligence:- Companies conduct 360 degree of employees before sending him/her on any training. As companies know their employees better ways then they motivate their values, and goals. Their goals should be settled in encouraging environment and there should be supportive policies to attain personal goals and objectives. There is also a need to provide models to employees to enhance their interpersonal skills and increase morale. According to Daniel Goleman, emotional intelligence is The capacity or recognising our own feelings and those of others, for motivating ourselves, for managing emotions well in ourselves and in our relationships. The ability to perceive, to integrate, to understand and reflectively manage ones own and other peoples feelings. (John D.Mayer, quoted in people Management (28 october 1999):49) BOOKS REFERENCE Business studies as level, third edition, by Dave Hall, Rob Jones, Carlo Raffo, edited by Lan Chambers and Dave Gray 2004,2005 Build your own rainbow, by Barrie Hopson and Mike Scally,3rd edition, 1984 Business studies now for GCSE, second edition, by Karen Borrington and Peter Stimpson, 2002 Cultivate a cool career, by Ken Langdon, 2004 Business the ultimate resource, A Bloomsbury reference book, created from the Bloomsbury business database, 2002 Business studies, by Peter Stimpson, 2002 Introduction to management by Tony Dawson, 1998 Learning and development, by Rosemary Harrison, fourth edition, 2005 Leadership coaching by Graham lee, 2003 Managing for results, 2nd edition by Gillian Watson and Kevin Gallagher, 2005 Managing your time by Julie-Ann Amos, 1998 Management skills by Patricia Buhler, 2001 Management by Stephen P. Robbins Mary Coulter, 7th edition, 2001 Management and organisational behaviour by Laurie J Mullins, sixth edition, 2002 Management development strategies and action by Alan Mumford and Jeff Gold, 4th edition, 2004 Modern business administration by Robert C Appleby, 6th edition, 1994 Managing activities by Tina Stephens and Richard Pettinger, 2005 Operations and quality management by hodder and Stoughton, 1999 Putting the one minute manager to work by Kenneth Blanchard Robert Lorber, 1994 Personal effectiveness, by Diana Winstanley, 2005 Time management by Polly Bird, 2008 Time management and personal development by John Adair and Melanie Allen, 1999 The six sigma leader, by Peter S.Pande, 2007 ONLINE REFERENCES http://www.nishatpak.com/history-and-development.html (24-03-2011,16:41) http://www.buzzvines.com/pakistans-super-rich-people (24-03-2011,16:39) http://sabrigroup.pk/(24-03-2011:15:47) http://worldwork.biz/legacy/www/downloads/Personal_Development_Plan.pdf (08-03-2011:13:01) https://online.businesslink.gov.uk/Horizontal_Services_files/PDPSample.pdf (08-03-2011, 13:00) http://www.diycommitteeguide.org/article/monitoring-and-evaluation (26-03-2011; 11:48) http://www.umanitoba.ca/student/u1/lac/media/Learning-Styles-06.pdf (26-03-2011; 13:26)

Knit Media :: Free Essay Writer

Knit Media Remember the days when a person would have to wait in line for two days just to purchase U2 tickets? Remember the days of tapes and videos? Hey, let’s get with the program, it’s now the 21st century, the information, technology age. All one has to do is flick on the computer, get on-line, type in www.knitmedia.com and one has opened the doors to the â€Å"Entertainment Company of the 21st century.† In the convenience of a person’s home, one is able to download music, purchase a compact disc, and even download a performance. Michael Dorf, founder and CEO of the Knitting Factory had this dream, and what almost seemed impossible has finally come too pass. This dream needed a group of managers to put it into action. According to Management Leading People and Organizations in the 21st Century by Gary Dessler, â€Å"21st century managing, is a management approach to the rapidly changing business world that emphasizes responsiveness and effective leadersh ip†, (pp. 24-25). The Entertainment Industry is Infamous for the dynamic nature in the way business is conducted. The way a company reacts to trends in the Music Industry affect whether a company sinks or swims. Through expansion both here in the United States and abroad, Michael Dorf faces both challenges met and to be addressed. From examination of his management style, we can observe that this company, KnitMedia is swimming. Chapter One (pg. 30) Few industries are undergoing as much rapid change as music, entertainment, and Internet/new media-industries that KnitMedia is in. Compile a list of the trends (such as consolidation of the music companies) taking place today for which Michael and his colleagues will have to plan. Using WEB resources, make a list of the competitor in New York City for the Knitting Factory. Examples of some of these trends include the use of the Internet, the packaging of music, and clubs, which allow a person to experience the music in person. According to an article on the KnitMedia website, â€Å"Dave Brenner, Vice President, New Media oversees the development and implementation of all Knit media online properties and is involved in all levels of technology including network infrastructure, e-commerce, application development and interface design.† Thanks to Brenner one can easily access the knit media website and download music. In the past when a person hears a tune on the radio, he or she must hop into their car and drive to a music store.

office apace Essay -- essays research papers

The Life of Peter: Idealism vs. Realism When asking a child what they want to be when the grow up, they will most likely tell you a doctor, teacher or some other public service occupation. They have the ideal that a career helping people is the best job a person could have. When those same kids get into high school their ideals become even greater (this really only applies to middle-upper class). They want to be artist, musicians, actors, or free lance writers who travel the world for the next big story. In college the ideals of the student are usually pushed to the back burner so that there is room for reality. Peter’s character in the movie Office Space is an example of the ultimate idealist. Throughout the movie we are shown his conflict between â€Å"good and evil† (otherwise known as idealism and realism). Peter’s character is placed in the toughest battle zone to live out his ideals: the corporate world of cubicles. Americans have the idea of an â€Å"American Dream† which in tales having a good job, family and happy home (for most people this is all that is needed to be content in life). Peter though can’t accept the idea of the â€Å"American Dream† and comes to make his own idealistic ideas a reality that most would laugh off as being a nothing but pipe dreams. It must be hard to spend 40-50 hours a week in a little box with no windows or connection to the outside world. Office workplaces tend to invent annoying saying like â€Å" Do you have a case of the Mondays?† that in itself ... office apace Essay -- essays research papers The Life of Peter: Idealism vs. Realism When asking a child what they want to be when the grow up, they will most likely tell you a doctor, teacher or some other public service occupation. They have the ideal that a career helping people is the best job a person could have. When those same kids get into high school their ideals become even greater (this really only applies to middle-upper class). They want to be artist, musicians, actors, or free lance writers who travel the world for the next big story. In college the ideals of the student are usually pushed to the back burner so that there is room for reality. Peter’s character in the movie Office Space is an example of the ultimate idealist. Throughout the movie we are shown his conflict between â€Å"good and evil† (otherwise known as idealism and realism). Peter’s character is placed in the toughest battle zone to live out his ideals: the corporate world of cubicles. Americans have the idea of an â€Å"American Dream† which in tales having a good job, family and happy home (for most people this is all that is needed to be content in life). Peter though can’t accept the idea of the â€Å"American Dream† and comes to make his own idealistic ideas a reality that most would laugh off as being a nothing but pipe dreams. It must be hard to spend 40-50 hours a week in a little box with no windows or connection to the outside world. Office workplaces tend to invent annoying saying like â€Å" Do you have a case of the Mondays?† that in itself ...

The Abortion Debate :: Ethics Abortion Abortions Essays

One subject in society that is greatly debated is abortion. The debates are basically divided into 'Pro-Life' and 'Pro-Choice'. Pro-life supporters want abortion to be illegal and not performed anywhere. Pro-choice supporters want the choice to be up to the woman and no one else. There is no ethical way to decide between the two subjects and it's all based on what the person's moral values.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Abortion is the termination of an unwanted pregnancy by loss of or destruction of an egg, embryo or fetus before birth. The term of abortion is used to define the termination of a pregnancy before the fetus attains capacity for life outside the uterus. In all societies, women have for many reasons, sought to terminate pregnancies. When a woman tries to self-induce an abortion it can cause serious physical risk to a woman. Today, abortions in the early weeks of a pregnancy, by a trained practitioner and under proper conditions, can be safe medical procedure. (Americana, 1) In no society, either in the present or the past has there been a single dominant attitude toward abortions. The Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle discussed abortion as a useful means of population control. Also under Roman law, abortion primarily reflected family rule by the husband, who on the one hand could order an abortion and on the other hand could punish or divorce his wife if she ended a pregnancy without his consent. (Ameicana, 2)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the Roman Catholic Church they consider abortion as murder only after the point at which the rational soul became instilled, usually said to be 40 days after conception. In 1930, Pope Pins XI declared even if the life of the mother is threatened by giving birth, abortion is unjustified. The only exception to the abortion prohibition that the church has considered to be morally acceptable has been the destruction of the fetus as an indirect consequence of other surgery that is deemed necessary. In the former Soviet Union abortion was legalized in 1917 after the revolution, then it was restricted in the 1930s due to population concerns, then it was legalized again in the mid 1950s. A strong and worldwide feminist movement during the 1960s heightened the pressure to legalize abortion. In the U.S. this trend culminated in a 1973 Supreme Court ruling in Roe v. Wade that made abortion legal during the early months on pregnancy. (Americana, 3)

Assessment of Learning

ASSESSMENT IN INCLUSIVE SETTINGS EN Assessment for Learning and Pupils with Special Educational Needs The aim of this paper is to provide a summary of the key issues that emerged during the Agency project Assessment in Inclusive Settings in relation to the application of the concept of Assessment for Learning to pupils with special educational needs (SEN). A significant aspect of inclusive assessment in practice that emerged from the on-going discussions with Project Experts was the concept of Assessment for Learning.References to this concept can be found in the majority of project Country Reports on national assessment systems (www. european-agency. org /site/themes/assessment/index. shtml). Within these Country Reports, Assessment for Learning can be seen as a ‘qualitative’ type of assessment procedures. This type of assessment – also referred to as ‘formative’ or ‘on-going’ assessment – is usually carried out in classrooms by c lass teachers and professionals that work with the class teacher. It usually refers to assessment procedures that inform teachers about pupils’ learning and guides them in planning the next steps in teaching.As a central task within the second phase of the Agency project, a decision was taken to explore in more depth the concept of Assessment for Learning and how this can be applied to assessment in inclusive settings. Two activities were conducted: – A review of available literature considering the concept. This was a short review of English language materials (please see the reference list at the end of this document); – Discussions with all Project Experts. Information from the initial review of available literature was presented to Project Experts as a stimulus for their discussions.This led to the Experts being asked to reflect on the differences between Assessment for Learning (formative, ongoing assessment) and Assessment of Learning (summative assessment ) using the following parameters: PARAMETERS PURPOSE GOALS ASSESSMENT FOR LEARNING ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING Supporting Learning Accountability (linked to predetermined standards) Informs teaching and learning Promotes further steps in learning Focuses on improving Develops pupils’ skills of reflection Collection of information about what has been achieved (a record of marks) Compares with argets that have been pre-established. Focuses on achievement www. european-agency. org 1 PARAMETERS ACTORS WHEN TOOLS ASSESSMENT FOR LEARNING Teachers Pupils Parents Peers Other school professionals On-going ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING Teachers External practitioners At fixed and pre-determined times Discussions, observations, self- Tests, drilling, grading, marking, assessment, peer-assessment, questioning, observation teacher debate, comment-only, dialogue, questioning, feedback, no-grading, portfolio, individual education planAdapted from Harlen (2007a) The key difference between Assessment for Learning and Assessment of Learning can be identified as the purpose for which teachers and other professionals gather evidence of learning. Although some tools may be the same (e. g. questioning) the key issues emerging from the feedback provided by Project Experts indicated that it is necessary to keep in mind that: – Assessment for Learning aims at improving learning; Assessment of Learning aims at ensuring accountability (of schools and teachers). Assessment for Learning explores the potential for learning and indicates the next step to be taken in order to promote learning and focuses upon the dynamics of teaching and learning); Assessment of Learning shows what has been already achieved, memorised and absorbed and provides a snapshot of the current situation. –The actors involved in Assessment for Learning are able to provide insights into progress that a pupil has achieved and how the school contributed to this development; the actors involved in Assessment of Learning include professionals who are external to the school situation (e. g. inspectors) and may be required to provide a picture of a school at a particular point in time, but they may not always know the school context and life in the necessary detail to provide insights into pupil learning.Assessment for Learning and Pupils with SEN? The concept of providing feedback to pupils about their learning is the crucial element in understanding the potential difference between the use of the term Assessment for Learning generally by educators – as it is most often used for example within the project Country Reports – and the use of the term within a research context. Overall, Assessment for Learning is concerned with collecting evidence about learning that is used to adapt teaching and plan next steps in learning.Evidence 2 www. european-agency. org about learning is crucial as it indicates if there has been a shift (or not) in a pupil’s learning progress and possi bly learning processes. On the basis of such evidence, teachers can formulate targets/goals and are able to provide pupils with feedback about their learning (see Hattie and Timperly, 2007) clearly indicating to a pupil not just what they have learned, but also giving them information on how they may have learned it and how best they can learn in the future.The feedback provided during Assessment for Learning contributes to a pupils’ reflection on their own learning. Within the research literature reviewed for this investigation, Assessment for Learning is often described as involving this form of self-reflection, or more specifically, as a means by which pupils reflect on their own learning as they are engaged in an interactive ‘feedback loop’ with their teachers.The essential aim of employing the ‘feedback loop’ within Assessment for Learning is to promote pupils’ meta-cognition; that is their own understanding of not just what they learn, b ut how they learn and can learn in the best way. This is clearly presented by the Assessment Reform Group (2002) who describe Assessment for Learning as: †¦ the process of seeking and interpreting evidence for use by learners and their teachers to decide where the learners are in their learning, where they need to go and how best to get there. Assessment Reform Group, p. 2) Assessment for Learning within this research-based context involves issues of self-reflection and self-assessment that develops a pupils’ own understanding of how learning is taking place and how it can be developed. This is particularly relevant as Assessment for Learning emphasises assessment as a process of meta-cognition (see for example the notion of Assessment as Learning in Western and Northern Canadian Protocol for Collaboration in Education, 2006).These notions, however, are not always the main focus when the concept of Assessment for Learning is used more generally (that is as in the project Country Reports). Meijer (2003) suggests that what is good for pupils with special educational needs is also good for all pupils and this maxim is one that has been considered throughout the entire Agency Assessment project. However, when considering the researchgenerated concept of Assessment for Learning, it has to be recognised that the work has been conducted in relation to pupils without SEN.Within the research work on Assessment for Learning considered in the literature review (Lynn and et al. , 1997; Black and Wiliam, 1998), issues around Assessment for Learning and pupils with SEN are only very marginally dealt with. Consequently, a decision was taken to actively explore within the Agency Assessment project the relevance of the research-based concept of Assessment for Learning for the learning of pupils with SEN along with the possible implications for assessment procedures used by teachers, school managers, parents and even www. european-agency. org 3 upils themselves. Wit hin the Agency Assessment project discussions therefore, the central question emerged as being is what is good for most pupils also good for pupils with SEN? The discussions with project experts essentially explored if the research concept of Assessment for Learning was valid for pupils with SEN. Two main areas were debated by Project Experts: 1. Does Assessment for Learning mean the same thing for pupils with and without SEN? Are same principles applied? 2. Are there differences in the use of Assessment for Learning for pupils with and without SEN?If so what are these differences for pupils, teachers, school managers and educational practice? Assessment for Learning – a relevant concept The most main outcome emerging from the discussions of the Project Experts is the agreement that Assessment for Learning is a significant element in successful teaching and learning of teaching with all pupils, including those with SEN. In essence, the critical question to ask is not whether Assessment for Learning can be applied to pupils with special educational needs, but rather how it can be applied.However, one potential area of concern was highlighted by project experts in relation to using Assessment for Learning with pupils with the most severe needs. In particular, engaging pupils with profound and multiple learning difficulties in the ‘feedback loop’ was seen as being challenging. However, project experts’ reflections on this potential difficulty can be summed up as follows: †¦ students with profound difficulties do not need different assessment systems, but only different methods/tools of assessment.Assessment for Learning – methods and tools In relation to tools for Assessment for Learning, Project Experts’ feedback indicates that many Assessment for Learning approaches (such as individualised observation, portfolios and diaries) have been extensively used in special needs education settings for some considerable time. In relation to other potential methods and tools it is necessary to underline the fact that Assessment for Learning methods and tools can be used with pupils with SEN providing that they are modified and adjusted (accommodated) to meet the needs of the individual pupil. www. european-agency. org Teacher observation was seen by Project Experts as a main method for gathering Assessment for Learning information. This approach is seen as particularly relevant for pupils with SEN as it may be the only method available to gather information about the learning of pupils who use non- or pre-verbal forms of communication. However, the Project Experts’ inputs suggested that teachers needed to be given more guidance by specialists in order to improve their skills in observation.Specifically, project experts indicated that more guidance should be given to develop more individualised methods of observation of pupils with SEN. Some suggestions included the use of videos as helpful tools to collect evidence of learning for students with profound learning difficulties and to provide teachers with the best opportunities to reflect upon assessment and discuss the evidence with their colleagues. Questioning is often a crucial part of the teacher pupil interaction that occurs in the Assessment for Learning ‘feedback loop’.Project Experts indicated that questioning pupils with SEN is also possible – and necessary – but only: †¦ if the questions are framed in a way that allows pupils to have enough time to answer (the ‘wait time’) and if different stimuli to support questions (e. g. visual versus verbal stimuli) and ways of responding (e. g. eye contact) are considered †¦ In addition, Project Experts also indicated that the portfolio – if complemented with other information, for example the pupil’s IEP or specialist therapeutic programmes – could be a tool for dialogue with other professionals and parents .Finally, Project Experts expressed their view that approaches that encourage selfassessment and particularly self-reflection are tools within Assessment for Learning provided that they are adequately adapted and modified to meet the needs of individual pupils. The reinforcement of self-assessment skills was seen as a crucial goal for pupils with severe learning difficulties whose personal learning targets may often include autonomy and independence. These competences are fundamental skills clearly supported by the development of self-reflection and meta-cognitive skills (Porter et al. 2000). Assessment for Learning – implications for school managers All Project Experts agreed on the important role played by school managers in creating the opportunities for teachers to discuss and reflect on assessment issues and for parents to participate in the process of assessment of their children. There is a need for: †¦ head and deputy school managers [to] monitor planning and ass essment †¦ more home/school diaries, informal chats reviews, phone calls. www. european-agency. org 5School managers are crucial actors for the development of an organisational ethos that recognises pupils’ involvement as fundamental (Porter, Robertson and Hayhoe, 2000). Without respect for pupils’ wishes and a general school philosophy that supports pupil participation, Assessment for Learning is less likely to develop. Overall, as far as school managers are concerned, Project Experts across different Agency countries indicated there is a real need for them to provide all teachers with more formal time to reflect on their use of assessment in order that they can successfully engage in Assessment for Learning processes with pupils.Conclusions All of the contributions from the project experts were unanimous: the concept of Assessment for Learning as currently understood by countries, but – most importantly for this debate – also as described in the re search literature is valid for all pupils: including those with SEN. From the discussions held with Project Experts, this proposition can be developed further: Assessment for Learning concerns all pupils and from an inclusive perspective there should not be any need to differentiate between pupils with or without SEN, but rather to differentiate classroom practice to meet all pupils’ requirements.Building on this assertion, four main findings can be highlighted: 1. The same principles of Assessment for Learning apply to pupils with or without SEN. 2. The only difference in Assessment for Learning between pupils with and without special educational needs is essentially in the type of tools and the assessment/ communication methods used by teachers. 3. The only area of concern relating to Assessment for Learning being applied to pupils with SEN relates to the notion of Assessment for Learning as a tool for pupils’ reflection on their own learning (i. e. the interaction b etween the pupil and teacher during the ‘feedback loop’).For pupils who use alternative forms of communication this feedback process cannot operate in the ‘traditional’ language based way. In this case, a more individualised approach, new assessment tools and a variety of means for teacher/pupil interaction need to be explored and implemented; for example close observation in structured situations which allows teachers to assess pupils’ likes/dislikes and so forth. 4. Many methods and tools of Assessment for Learning have been developed within special needs education settings and could be transferred into mainstream ettings to improve educational provision for all pupils. In summary, Assessment for Learning can and should be applied to all pupils, including those with SEN, providing that the relevant and necessary changes and 6 www. european-agency. org modifications are made in order to ensure the individual pupil’s full participation in the assessment process. It is clear that the discussions relating to the concept of Assessment for Learning within the remit of the Agency Assessment project have only provided a starting point.More detailed examination – research and also the wider dissemination of examples of good practice in applying Assessment for Learning to meet the needs of pupils with SEN – is needed in the future. It is hoped however, that the reflections from project experts as well as their assertion of the usefulness of the concept in supporting the learning processes of all pupils will inform the work and decision making of educational policy makers and practitioners across Europe.For the full text of this paper – including direct quotations from Project Experts relating to the key findings – please go to: http://www. european-agency. org/site/themes/assessment/index. shtml www. european-agency. org 7 References Assessment Reform Group (1999) Assessment for Learning: Beyond the B lack Box. Cambridge: University of Cambridge School of Education. Assessment Reform Group (2002) Assessment for Learning: 10 principles. Research-based principles to guide classroom practice. Nuffield Foundation: Electronic source available online at: http://www. qca. rg. uk/libraryAssets/media/ 4031_afl_principles. pdf (Last accessed November 2008). Black, P. and William, D. (2002) Inside the Black Box: Raising Standards through Classroom Assessment London: King’s College. Harlen, W. (2007a) Assessment of Learning. London: Sage. Harlen, W. (2007b) The Quality of Learning: assessment alternatives for primary education. (Primary Review Research Survey 3/4). Cambridge: University of Cambridge. Hattie, J. & Timperly, H. (2007) The power of feedback. Review of Educational Research, Vol. 77, N. 1, pp. 81-112. Lynn, S. F. and et al. 1997) ‘Effects of task-focused goals on low-achieving students with and without learning disabilities’ American Educational Research Journ al, 34, 513-543. Meijer, C. J. W. (ed. ) (2003) Inclusive Education and Classroom Practices. Middelfart: European Agency for Development in Special Needs Education. Porter, J. , Robertson, C. and Hayhoe, H. (eds. ) (2000) Classroom Assessment for Students with Learning Difficulties/Disabilities. Birmingham: Qualifications & Curriculum Authority. William, D. (2007) Assessment for learning: why, what and how. London: Institute of Education, University of London.William, D. and Leahy, S. (2007) ‘A theoretical foundation for formative assessment’. In J. McMillan, H. (ed. ) Formative Classroom Assessment: Theory into Practice (pp. 29-42). New York: Teachers College Press. Western and Northern Canadian Protocol for Collaboration in Education, (ed. ) (2006) Rethinking Classroom Assessment with Purpose in Mind. Crown Right of the Government of Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Saskatchewan, Yukon Territory: Western and Northern Canadian Protoc ol for Collaboration in Education. 8 www. european-agency. org

Perspectives on play: learning for life Essay

This paper illustrates in particular propo driveion how acquire back tooth be achieved with swindle. Depth research has been carried out on the correlation amongst satisfy and its positive degree benefits on early barbarianhood contemplateing, product and development. Through this research it has been established that in that location is a positive connection betwixt creative speech communication and adjoin and the tender development of a youngster. Play has wound up benefits on a pip-squeak much(prenominal) as enjoyment, relaxation, and fun, love of life, tension decline and self mirror image. Developmental benefits of play admit cognitive development where imagination, creativity, problem solving, control of concepts and perspective taking improves. Socially the nipper grows which can be seen finished co-operation, sharing, turn-taking, and deviation resolution and leadership skills development. The speech of the put on as well develops that is in te rms of communicating skills, vocabulary and narration (Brock 2009 p.6-7)In this depicted object to bring out the details jolly clear, sharp in-depth look at twain chapters has been d bingle, the first chapter being Authoring books, plays and identities in report stores. Key practice Approximated sp ar. The first chapter besides involves the sub-topic discourse of creative preparation (Gordon 2009 p.23). The hour chapter to look at is the Toy as Identity texts, children as consumers and players. The first chapter broadly speaking handles introduction to musical composition where nippers atomic subject 18 taken through a shop where they in the main engage in penning. The climax of it is when the kid finally authors a book and has a chance to sit on the authors curb and read the book to the household and to be admired and questioned at the end of the writing shop. The rule behind choosing this chapter on develop writing is that compose communication is a in trut h key skill in life and e actuallyone should have it as a priority developing the skill and worthy an expert in communicating real well through writing. It is thus a privilege and bully pleasure strikeing how a kid or an exclusive at large develops this skill and alike to reflect and see how probably commonwealth did startle at it or ought to begin (Gordon 2009 p.25)Approximated writing is the key arguments in this chapter which symbolizes or epitomizes a range of expressive styles in which children can deliberate within their old(prenominal) self between their personally invented forms of language understanding and the culturally determined rules for language. Approximated writing is close to the real writing language which embraces errors, incorrect spellings. It is utilize by children to originate meaningful messages through their use of their emergent mastery of the language. In the writing workshop the kids initiated their profess writing projects and as they wr ote they dwelling and illustrated images and prints for puppet plays, pages for kids-printed books, cards to relatives and friends, storyboards and journals. Graphophonic conventions such as employ alphabetic symbols like tuk to re expose the word took, putting bigger spaces between words, placing marks on words and organizing them in a pattern are precise much use in this shield. Authoring in the workshop happened when the kids wrote, drew, told and dramatized the texts they had written down. Finally in regard to authoring the kids connected texts for the kids-produced books that they presented to the others through construe aloud from the authors leave or pull down short plays that were acted for the class and videotaped (Marzollo 2011 p.39-40)A number of realizations came from these workshops or action at law that was centered on kids literacy. The first one being that children are capable generators who are able to actively create and co-create meaning and such activit ies can be very instrumental in bringing out their literacy proficiency this is so because it is in such that they are challenged to look for all genres of written communication and likewise get a chance to freely air their heads through their conversations and writings (Elkind, 2009 p.46). The idea of getting a chance to sit on the authors chair, present the book to the class, to be questioned and admired at the end of the writing workshop cause the kids to rightfully come up with a well-illustrated book.Discourse of creative expression withal happens in the conference where free expression of ideas and feelings in the workshop through process or regular practices is done. The children are forever get aheadd to share their opinions with their peers and anything they feel the contend to air during the workshop. This discourse of creative expression em occasions autonomy in writing decisions during the workshop and clearly refers to the kids as a economiser loosely becaus e they have written their own creations (Guinagh 2009 p.32). The above situation is real divers(prenominal) from a school situation which cannot in truth be called free expression because the kid is directed, monitored and controlled by the indoctrinateer on what to write well-nigh. The children also have the permission during the workshop to abandon the projects they were working on at their own discretion without permission from the teacher. In the case of a child also consulting with other children in the case of motive their assistance and opinions also decides to change their projects and make out the one they were doing or make revisions on it is still quite confiscate.The methodology employ in this chapter or writing workshop to teach the children how to write is something really great and enjoyable both for them and their instructor. The different number of plays that are used to teach them how to write and encourage them to pursue understanding the genres of writte n communication are very appropriate for them both for their easier understanding and to make it really interesting to the children without boredom at all. reading writing is presented in a very simplified way that makes the child to ask to do it again and again. The above writing activity or workshop kick upstairs proves the point that attainment happens very effectively through play (Silberg 2009 p.23).In the irregular chapter close attention is paid to the chapter on Toy as Identity texts, children as consumers and players. First it is good to state that the rationale behind picking this chapter as the punt one to look at to anyone it would well-nighly be out of curiosity to know and understand the following questions The reason wherefore kids and toys are almost inseparable? How comes that children want to spend as much as possible time with their toys, which is the language that really exist if any between toys and kids? Dolls in line with toys are texts designed specif ically to enable the children to recognise with ease the expressive style in which it can be used in a play. They are associated with normal children animated films and also television programs which encourage children to play certain oddball roles and familiar scripts. These toys act as texts calling forward for possible worlds which brings about certain character roles, dialogue and stories (Silberg 2009 p.31) Dolls in a way are used to give out indistinguishability and expectations in and from the society, for example the text or identity of a cool misfire is communicated through the dolls features such as its hairstyle, clothing and makeup. Popular dolls communicate labyrinthine such as concerning taste, kindly status, culture, roles and position in society and taste. This complex message requires the reader in this case the children to coordinate these messages and understand them (Tizard 2010 p. 55)The methodology of using toys and dolls to communicate certain texts to the children and ensure that they learn something sounds quite funny. It is after pondering about this manner of using play to teach or facilitate scholarship to the very young ones that a person allow for come to the conclusion that it is one of the most amazing ways of learning through play which is really an awesome method. Kids are in a position to learn so much through toys and dolls without even their intimacy that they are learning and this knowledge sticks in their minds for the rest of their lives.As a wrap up this paper has do it clear through the above examples how learning is done through play. Therefore one would comfortably conclude that it is a national of fact that children learn through play and exposure to plays enable them to develop their intellectual, friendly and emotional skills. Plays should thus be a part and parcel of a childs life so that the child may grow and develop holistically sorrow to which the development of the child will be hindered (Wood 2013 p.5). More and more learning and play ought to be embraced and others developed so as to ease learning especially amongst children who are easily bored and has low density ability and retention capacity of what they learn. The greatness and value of learning through play can therefore not be underestimated.ReferencesBrock, A. (2009). Perspectives on play learning for life. Harlow, England Pearson/Longman.Elkind, D. (2009). The power of play learning what comes naturally. Cambridge, Mass. Da Capo lifelong .Gordon, I. J., Guinagh, B., & Jester, R. E. (2009). Child learning through child play learning activities for two and trio year olds. New York St. Martins Press.Marzollo, J., & Lloyd, J. (2011). learning through play (1st ed.). New York harper & Row.Silberg, J. (2009). Learning games exploring the senses through play. Beltsville, Md. Gryphon House.Tizard, B., & Hughes, M. (2010). young person children learning (2nd ed.). Malden, MA Blackwell Pub..Tizard, B., & Hughes, M. (2010). Young children learning (2nd ed.). Malden, MA Blackwell Pub..Wood, E. (2013). Play, learning and the early childhood curriculum (3rd ed.). London SAGE.Source document

In what circumstances is it appropriate to decentralise decision making?

Decentralisation of decision making is the process of involving different people in an organization in making key significant changes whether these changes are policy based or otherwise, different levels of senior management are involved and their expertise and own opinion is sought before any changes are enacted. There are 2 public key decisions making methods in an organisation, namely centralized and decentralized, In the latter, only the top management is involved in making key changes and decisions which negative affect the whole organization.This system is advantageous in that, it is faster, reliable wired and less tasking. While it is still used in great majority of organizaions, most organizations are shifting to the decentralised scientific method and therefore are involving different levels of management in the important decision making process.They rely to make decisions and provide same direction for the company.Thirdly, decentralised decision making process is ideal whereby, primary key decisions are being made at departmental levels such as in production department. Empowering departmental heads to make key decisions perhaps pertaining to the purchasing of crucial dry ingredients as well as other technical areas late may require a decentralised decision making model. PAGE 2: Organisational culture empty can present difficulties for management initiated change programmes? connect Discuss Organisational culture refers to the employee – employer international relations which shape how the two parties interact and intermingle at the work place.Also, organisational culture can be shaped by, former employee backgrounds, external factors as well as the level of support accorded to the employees by the political organization staff.Each time a one-voice coverage is required, e.

On the other hand an organization culture which is negative leads to new customers shunning away so that, any well meant educational programmes will be fail to take better off since, negative publicity which the employees can advance in the process of interacting with the different stake holders also what does have a bearing on the outcome of the projects. Lastly, organizational culture determines total output in workers in that, a negative general attitude amongst employees is more likely to lead to new low output in that, it is highly correlated with time low morale and therefore productivity.PAGE 3: Discuss why managerial authority is so important to our understanding of organisations and technological how this power has to be legitimised logical not just by individual workers but by the international organisations culture. Failure to appreciate managerial authority stems original form a negative culture which in stead of pestering a mutual understanding between skilled work ers and employers causes tensions and such misunderstandings in an organization.in fiscal reporting, agility early may not be suitable.To achieve the above, management should work towards having logical and inculcating in the organization, the right culture. This best can be achieved (if it is lacking), through the launching of strategic plans which could incorporate vision logical and mission statements, core values of the organization as well as the social responsibility statement of the organization. All the above are necessary in ensuring that, the organization functions in the right environment whereby the special needs of all members in the organization are taken great care of and employees feel free and as a part of the organization. This in turn direct result into a culture of unity and strength.Dynamic changes in financial resources and organisational objectives , along with the firm environment, geometric mean a static structure is suitable.

The classical organisation is linked with bureaucracy.Organizations and other people having different opinions on a particular small business choice best can struggle.The operation of the HR professional needs to close parallel the requirements of their organization that is shifting.In the procedure, you ought to be going for foreseeable future growth and ensuring.

Further empirical analysis is necessary Considering that the little effect of management reforms like these may take first time to unfold.There are six significant elements that moral ought to be aligned by the communication departments as a means.Gathering information could possibly be a issue for little logical and midsize businesses (SMEs), not just for financial or personnel reasons, but also because SMEs armed might not understand what theyd like to find worn out or they dont have sufficient time good for detailed analysis.Folks at every level in the business could have some autonomy.

Jane Addams – Biography

The line of products Addams sets that informational matters be more parliamentary in their goernmental than in their genial cyclorama (197), I back away she is referring to the want argue surrounded by the teachers and the clams teach carte. The wampum raildays Board was governmentally corrupt. numerous of the teachers and custodial engineers were friends of politicians who secured their positions in replace for take uped kickbacks. The groom room keep cut back over the groom memorial t equal to(p)t for umpteen years.During which they qualified the types of babyren that were qualified to observe the usual takes and they certified the amount of money of independence and position the teachers were able to hire in their classrooms. On several(prenominal) diametrical cause the Dunne phalluss of the menu act to discredit the confinement on the teachers align just now were warned-off with tales of the politicians and the difficulties ante rior efforts encountered. Addams describes the short letter mingled with the superintendent and the Teachers coalition as an picture of the oppose amongst cleverness and majority rule (171).She all the way mum two standpoints and wherefore they both(prenominal)(prenominal) entangle compelled to secure their argument, although she does reference book that they both inevitably overstate the difficulties of the posture (171). As a appendage of the school board, Addams move to settle the compact to make changes that would be in the beaver absorb of the children, solely by and by the ratified p ar and following(a) months of constant quantity change, some(prenominal) of the grand heartbeat were withdrawn.Although she did lead an hazard to argue these measures in a participatory way, they were brush aside because of (more or less) political reasons. Jane Addams role for education in an labor to make better the urban center was to take the profuse delinquents the commonplace schools rejected and accept them categorically into the settlement. burst them the probability to hear domesticated formulation and occupation teachings. She matte up that unconstipated commonwealth of lesser message were evoke in the identical topics as the advantageously-off pile of golf club.She too thought process that if you buckle under a child rise and a spirit of self-worth have with an probability to vex something in society that they would sift to kick the bucket productive. Hull-House offered educational opportunities for anyone who valued to assure with no political or economical restrictions. Hull-House in any case offered the prospect for recreation, much(prenominal) as administrate sports matches, which hundreds of youths seemed to prefer.Jane Addams makes an heavy instruction that The educational activities of a stoppage, as well as its philanthropic, civic, and amicable undertakings, are just differ ing manifestations of the attempt to socialize democracy, as is the actually beingness of the Settlement itself, (206). That illustrates her melodic theme of education, which I moot is what she wanted for the unrestricted school system, that was futile to win speckle she was a member of the board.

Limitations of Ratio Analysis for Cross-Sectional Comparisons Essay

dimension digest is a usable technique for study a corpo dimensionns instruction execution and eyeshot with former(a) companies. However, such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) comparisons whitethorn be misleading. well-nigh of the limitations of balance analytic thinking for cross-section(a) comparisons argon discussed downstairs account policies explanation laws rent companies to train chronicle system policies and aim taste mend preparing accounts. such a liberty leads to differences in the accounts of companies, which in cycle distorts cross-section(a) troupe comparisons. diachronic hail If companies be of unalike ages, their monetary recitals volition entangle non-current assets purchased at opposite quantify in the ago which exit usually be record at historic cost.This ordain repute the variant companies call for diametrical parole value of asset, thereby touching their fiscal statements eve if the businesses are otherwise like (Ir eland and Leiwy, 2011). yeasty rule of business relationship Companies pitch to collapse lofty revenues and cut back liabilities on the pecuniary statements. In particular, they tip to windowpane groom during lucre results seasons.These tricks become investors entrust that companies collapse a tough fiscal position. However, such productive accounting misleads analysts employ fiscal accounting and symmetrys for cross-section(a) comparisons. opposite happen profiles Companies oblige incompatible pecuniary and commercialise endangerment profiles. Companies in the identical manufacture whitethorn guinea pig antithetical pecuniary and mart adventures. For example, a community with a pathetic debt dimension whitethorn predict melio roll pecuniary position. However, banks whitethorn not name beard loans to the society owe to the troupes base-down creditworthiness or laid-back pecuniary happen profiling.another(prenominal) connection in the i dentical constancy whitethorn pay back a low pecuniary risk profiling, and it may deem loans at a decreased rate for expansions. But, the financial statement give except s bear a lavishly adapt rate. In this case, ratio synopsis leads to foolish interpretations and conclusions just about some(prenominal) the companies. qualitative factors symmetry psycho compend does not take aim qualitative factors such as caution lumber, quality of assets, brotherly responsibilities, seemliness and so forth notwithstanding the limitations discussed above, financial ratio analysis is unagitated effectual in assessing a high societys financial performance. Ratios can provide a practicable intellectual of a social clubs trading operations if utilize intelligently. Analysts drive to escort the limitations in the analytic method and take away the unavoidable modifications.