Game Theory Essay

Game theory happens to be a branch of applied mathematics which is used in social science. Its main objective is to capture behaviors but in this case mathematically in strategic situations where the success of an individual in choice making is largely dependent on the choices that are made by other people. This is the base or the main theme that underlies in the game theory. This is the same theme that is supposed to be articulated in this article. The author ignores the fact that game theory come in different types and only expresses one type of game theory specifically zero sum and non zero sum game theory. He concentrates only on this type of game theory leaves the reader with little or no information concerning the other types of game theory. (Miller, 2003) However, in the article, the author only concentrates on only one aspect of game theory and goes ahead and offers solutions or recommendations to that one aspect that he deals with. Game theory has gone ahead and included other aspects in the line of business other than the competition. This competition was only of one individual based on the expense of the other person which was commonly referred to as zero sum games. These happen to be the only issue that is covered here by the author of this article. I can therefore say that this article fails to present all the aspects which are involved or which matters as far as game theory is concerned. I can therefore say that there is more to game theory and that the recommendations proposed may not be that effective even if implemented. Some of the recommendations may therefore be said to deviate from the core subject that is under discussion. (Barnett, 1995) However this does not mean that the article is null and void. The author in the article gives a very good example of the basic concept and the meaning of game theory. By use of the example of the two people in the article, the author paints out a clear picture of the principle of game theory and what is involved. It is clear to understand even to a person who does not have an idea of what game theory is. Further, the author gives recommendations or rather rules of what to do so that one may emerge successfully in any business that he or she may be conducting. (Barnett, 1995) The author may be said to fully address the issue to the game theory on the context that he is viewing form; that of competition. In addition, unlike in the other cases where the recommendations that are set are usually impractical, here the author sets the recommendations that are practical in real life and which if they are implemented effectively will help the two organizations succeed in their sole objective of increasing their sales or rather profits. (Miller, 2003) The author also familiarized the reader with all the factors that maybe of essence incase one is involved in the business and experiencing these types of problems. He covers a larger area other than only the game theory gives recommendations which if they are implemented, they result to implementation of the recommendations of game theory. In conclusion, even though the author fails to deal with the other types of game theories, he has completely discussed this type of game theory giving all the recommendations required which would even be applicable to the other game theories if they are implemented as directed. ? References Barnett, F. (1995). Making Game Theory Work in Practice. Wall Street Journal , A14. Miller, J. (2003). Game Theory at Work. New York: McGraw-Hill Publishers.

Power in Sociology Essay

Sociology is a study of the development, structure, and functioning of human society. Sociology also studies the sophisticated connection between human behavior and individual life changes. Sociology examines by the way of social structure such as various social institutions that affect human attitudes, organizations and social categories. However, in the subject of Sociology of Work, it has combined sociology with work to improve the human behavior in the organization. According to Grint (2005), â€Å"Work occupies a substantial proportion of most people’s lives and has often been taken as a symbol of personal value†. He perceived that work will affect an activity that transforms nature which could be undertaken in social circumstance. However, power is the main topic to discuss in this essay. Power is the major explanation to the study of social society. According to J. G. March (1966 cited in Shafritz, Ott & Jang, 2005), it is not even related to organization and also among the community of decision making, business behavior, and small discussion. Meanwhile, power is not only used in the organization but theoretical able to apply in the other circumstances. However, the discussion in this essay will be critically evaluate the power that is used by those top level of the organization to control and possess to those lower level in the hierarchy. Coercive power is one of the powers that will be discussed in the argument, follow by social power and also legitimate power. This essay will include some of the theories by Weber and Marx to support the discussion of power. Bureaucracy means the top of the management holds the coordination and possession of the hierarchy and who devised a system that includes the rule and regulation to restrict the lower level subordinate in order to achieve organization goals, (Grint 2005). In the theory of Bureaucracy by Max Weber, he perceived that there are possess and control towards the lower level subordinate by the top in the organization. Weber has conceptualized of authority on bureaucracy by the sense of legitimate power and it will be the center of the organization’s processes. Weber also emphasizes rationalization process that regard to work organization and also able to improve development of technological and scientific thinking. This process would remind the employees to use the most appropriate way to achieve task base on the procedures and the formalize roles. Besides, according to Shafritz, Ott & Jang (2005), â€Å"The principle of office hierarchy and the level of graded authority mean a firm ly ordered system of super and sub-ordination in which there is a supervision of the lower office by the higher ones†. It means that the hierarchy and the level of an organization had their own system of authority to supervision the employees by the top of the management. Capitalism is devised by a German philosopher named Karl Marx. It is related to the industrial sociology and labor process. Marx had mentioned that industrial society had to be compared with agrarian society and the success of human freedom eventually, but the main reason of the social formation was only caused by the capitalist pattern and not the industrial process. Marx had emphasized that capitalism is more important than industrialism because it is the only capitalism. He also argued that â€Å"human species is different from all other animal species, not because of its consciousness but because it alone produces its own means of subsistence† (Grint 2005). On the other hand, alienation and exploitation still an important part of the capitalism. The impact on Marx’s theory in the modern industrial had strictly been use in the labor process. This impact had developed a perspective with the employment relations and employee behavior in the work design and also the organization. Alienation is the relationship between human expression and labor changes, and not using labor to fulfill their needs. Marx also stated that worker are alienates from their labor because it is no longer belong to the worker, but rather to the capitalist. In the system of capitalist, the minority owns the production, where the labor power is only owned by majority (Grint, 2005). Thus, the profit of production is through a commodity market and this is called alienation of production. Exploitation is a social relation on which capitalism is built. Worker pays less of wages than what they produce. It means that the worker gets a 10 dollars wages a day, he/she must produce more than 10 dollars a day worth of value. As we know, power mostly uses to control the hierarchy by the top of the management in an organization. Power in an organization has really big skill, whoever having the higher position in the organization will obtain the possession authority to control the entire organization. According to Giddens (1979 cited in Grint 2005), he argued that too many power which had been used at the same time would cause the least of the result eventually. It means that if the organization had too many of work relationship, it would be more complicated and uncontrollable by the management. However, coercive power is one of the powers that always uses by an organization. This power generally uses in some â€Å"low trust† organization to possess their worker and employees. Due to that, coercive power is often used by the top level to direct control the lower ones. Coercive power tends to be highly prescribed procedures which the workers are ordered to follow step by step of the job. Workers are in close supervision and under surveillance by the top level along the working period. Therefore, low commitment and low trust culture would be integrated into the coercive power regulated organization. Not even that, a tightly bureaucratic structure and culture will infuse in this coercive organization. Bureaucracy management is slightly similar to coercive powers which both are using force and impersonal forces to regulate the organization. Moreover, the internalization of an organization would be affected directly to the performance and productivity of an organization. I n other words, social power means internalization; basically it is a central element in analyzing human society and the way it is organized. Based on organization point of view, the strength of social power is defined as the potential ability of A to influence to B in the organization. According to French and Raven (1959 cited in Shafritz, Ott & Jang, 2005), power of a person is measurable by the influence ability although he may choose to use lesser than it. Due to that, internalization and social power are mostly the same, they are both study about process of acceptance of a set of norms and values established by people or group which are influential to the individual through the process of socialization. However, legitimate powers occur when a leader is being selected to an authority position. It means that the leader with legitimate power has the authority to issue order which they in turn have an obligation to accept. According to French and Raven (1959 cited in Shafritz, Ott & Jang, 2005), they said that the speculation and investigation about social specified behavior has been considerable, which is particularly pr escribed to give a position. People with legitimate power are usually involved in certain title or position. The impact of this legitimate power could affect the whole organization. At the higher hierarchy management person, such as manager and Chief Executive Officer (CEO), they are the main person who makes decision in the whole organization. In term of leadership, the top management would use legitimate power to force the employee to do anything they want and complete the task. But, the down-line employees could reject the forces by their up-line manager. According to Linton (1945 cited in Shafritz, Ott & Jang, 2005), the differences of the group norm are pursuant from whether they are alternative, culture and specialties. As far as concerned, Marx and Weber both have interpret the same meaning related to enforcement in the organization. In the above discussion, Weber has conceptualized of authority on bureaucracy by the sense of legitimate power. Which is means bureaucracy and legitimate power are similar concept of management way for a organization. He also devised that there are possess and control towards the lower level subordinate by the top in the organization. Legitimate power used by some of the organization to regulated their employee. The organization structure and performance will be improve and also increase productivity. In a legitimate organization, the top management has the authority to control the lower ones. However, coercive power also same as the legitimate power use manage the hierarchy in an organization. Coercive power is suitable to use in industrial base organization to supervise the worker since there is â€Å"low trust† structure in the organization. Both of these powers are slightly similar to bureaucracy management that uses to dominate the lower level employees in an organization. For example, Just in Time system (JIT) able to improve behavior of the worker and power capacity. JIT is mainly use by industrial sector in Japan which is produce just in time for them to use. JIT is a simple production method for manufacturing. It is to produce and deliver the product at once it is finished to be sold which is also called just in time to be sold. Lastly, there is another power relate to hierarchy management from top to lower level. Social power as we know as internalization of an organization, it is a study of someone’s influential to individual through the process of socialization. Social power is much more important for the hierarchy management . This power would be need more skill and knowledge when use to apply on employees. Top management need to know how to influence the lower ones to change their mindset. The worker will perform better and efficacy when their mindset is just toward the organization. Total Quality Management (TQM), the system that use in many organization since 1980s. In this case study of TQM, they had question toward power that to be capability of individual or group. They research on the structure and inter-personal characteristics within the bank division and branches that under same organization. From analysis of this case study, the power relation not only apparent in social power but also in coercive and political power. In conclusion, the power that discuss above which use to improve hierarchy management and that able to develop the human behavior in the organization. Power is the major explanation to study if social society. The three powers that had discussed in the above paragraph include coercive, legitimate and social power. All of these powers have enough use to handle the hierarchy management in the organization. However, coercive and legitimate power is more toward impersonal and forces way of management. Top management can use social power to influence their employees to work and change their mind of thinking in term any affection in the organization.

Best Self Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Best Self - Essay Example I am also ambitious and can imagine things on my own. As far as my hobbies and pastimes are concerned, I write poetry as I believe this is something that holds a lot of value for me. I also indulge in photography and love traveling around new places and destinations. This excites me endlessly. Also reading is something that comes very naturally to me. My qualities include leadership skills, efficiency and skills to take on any job at any time. In addition, I am unselfish and take very little stress. I like to acquaint new places and explore buildings and architectures. I also have a liking for seas and water in essence. I am a firm believer of the green architecture and how this has shaped up the world in this day and age. Sunset and sunrise are some of the most significant pleasures that I derive from the different moments happening in a day. What others think of me is also important to me. My mother believes in me and she knows that I am an honest individual. She knows that I yearn for family and the relationships that hold me with all of them at all times. One of my friends (Ahmed) is a Director in a bank. He asserts that I am respectable and have a dignity of my own. He knows that I can come up with all sorts of creative ideas.

Aristotle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Aristotle - Essay Example For this reason, happiness seems to be unreachable. Yet if one would look at happiness not on the basis of fulfilled desires, perhaps, happiness is indeed attainable – but undiscovered by many. Hence, this draws to the question on how happiness can be used to measure life’s worth. In such case, it seems appropriate to rely on moral principles dictated by ethics. Aristotle (12) defines happiness to be a measure of good life and good action. While it is understandable how happiness is equated to good life, the concept of ‘good’ often remains subjective. For a peasant who has been enduring months of labor, an abundant harvest defines a good life. Yet this may not mean anything to a powerful landowner who has already been living in abundance all his life. In the same sense, it is common to think that the children of the peasants, who inherited slavery from their parents, are bound not to live a good life. However, Aristotle (13) pointed that life is already goo d in itself. This is to say that regardless of the condition, whether it be of the landowner or the peasant, life is always good for goodness is a state of soul (Aristotle 13). It is essential, therefore, to discover the goodness in one’s life even though at times, goodness is not blatantly laid before us. It has to be realized for it to be discovered. To illustrate, it is said that there are people born with inborn talents. However, without practice, the talent will remain undiscovered. If a dancer is too shy to perform, no one would appreciate the talent no matter how good the person is and as such, the person would not be recognized as talented even if the truth is, the talent is inborn to that person. Through time, the talent will remain hidden, unpracticed and never discovered. Moreover, with regards to the landowner in the previous example, despite the abundance of harvests, life for him may remain to be not good, perhaps due to lack of satisfaction. Therefore, this is to say that what seems to be good to some may not necessarily be considered as so by others even if in reality, it is indeed good in itself. Nevertheless, the above example shows how something which the majority is likely to consider ‘good’ may still be perceived otherwise by the one who failed to discover its goodness. However, there are also things which the majority would agree to be ‘not good’ such as ugliness and poverty. But then again, in line with principles of Aristotle, this agreement is not true for everything is innately good (13). Take for instance, slavery. While it is uncommon to realize its goodness, doing so is still possible. In Alice Walker’s novel, The Color Purple, poor Celie has been praying to God whom she has always thought of as a male white man. Yet despite her prayers, she continues to experience exploitation and was even forced by her father to leave the house and marry an abusive husband. But then, if she were not born to this situation, she would not have met the people who would teach her the meaning of life in deeper perspective. There was Shug, her husband’s lover, who made her realize that her image of God is simply what the society dictates her and Sophia who showed her that women are not born oppressed and it is possible to be superior over men. These people define goodness in the life of Celie. One cannot assign qualities to things despite of what the society agrees on for even poverty and slavery carry innate goodness. But then again, one may

Heart of Darkness- Author Joseph Conrad Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Heart of Darkness- Author Joseph Conrad - Essay Example In the beginning epigraph , Marlow’s comment about Congo as one of the dark places of the earth already provokes the reader to explore the meaning of darkness. Was it literal being in the dark continent? Was darkness symbolic of men’s hearts an d not the color of their skin? The succeeding discussion will illuminate us about the important quotes on the work of Conrad. In the novella, the setting, symbolism, motif and all point towards darkness whether literally or figuratively. However, a more sinister lesson is established in the story – that â€Å"darkness† is something constant in the hearts of men. Somehow, this is alluding to the Biblical explanation about the source of wars as explained in the book of James. All conflicts, wars and envy begins in the heart of man. Man’s heart is often considered as something full of evil desires and cannot be trusted. Although his actions may manifest something, his motives are deceiving. Colonialism is one of man’s longings for it brings power and wealth. Greed is one of the deadly sins which is a recurring theme in this literary piece. The heinous crimes committed against the natives can be traced to the roots of greed. In modern day-setting, there is no difference when one country invades another in the guise of helping when actually, it already impedes the democracy of the subordinate country so as to gain access to its resources. The intent is the same but the strategy is quite different. If in the novel the Belgian colonizers use force to impose their authority to the natives, modern and developed countries use trade impositions and political diplomacy to get what they need. At the beginning, the reader may think the Darkness being pertained to is the skin color of the Africans as well as the connotation that Congo is in the Dark Continent. But as one goes along the story, it can be sensed that even the natural surroundings are gloomy which forebodes something dark or

NURSING RESEARCH CRITIQUE OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Assignment

NURSING RESEARCH CRITIQUE OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH - Assignment Example The method was not well described, but it is a good method because it focuses on fully understanding the everyday experiences, of the nurses, the relatives and the patients while in ICU. 5. Ethical aspects were considered. The participants were informed of what they would be going through, and they signed a consent form. Besides, the research was approved by the institutional review board at a recognized university and the hospital where the research was done. 6. Participants included five nurses, five patients and five family members. The researcher describes the criteria for choosing the participants, for example, the patients should be mentally stable, and the nurses were experienced, fully qualified and registered. The purposeful sampling strategy was used. However, we are not told how the sample size was determined. 8. The researcher describes the process of collecting and recording the data. Data was collected through audiotaped interviews. The second interview was done four days after the first to clarify the data. The researcher stopped collecting the data when data saturation was achieved. There were no biases in data collection since all the participants were treated the same way. 9. A professional transcriptionist transcribed the taped interviews, and the data was then analyzed by Van Manen’s selective, holistic and detailed line-by-line approach. The researcher put him/herself in the shoes of the participant for better understanding. So as to understand the participants experiences, theme analysis was done through triangulation of the data obtained from the three categories. The method of analysis used is fit for such qualitative research. 10. From the research, it was found that nurses view both the patient and the relatives as a family. Nurses were regarded as part of the family too. Nurses suggested that it was important for relatives to be with the patient most of the time for spiritual and psychological

Strategic Intelligence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Strategic Intelligence - Essay Example Strategic intelligence refers to all processes involving the collection, processing, analyzing and propagation of intelligence, which is essential in forming military plans and policies at both international and national level. A credible strategic intelligence has the potentials to foresight, visioning, motivation, integration of various systems to work together for a common purpose and the ability to partner and form strategic alliances. Strategic intelligence aims at collecting a wide range of data for corporations and militaries with the aim of helping in a certain campaigns such as military wars. It serves the basis for the long term planning and management of various resources. Intelligence services such as Central intelligence Agency of US, secret Intelligence are some of the intelligence services that are well developed. Strategic intelligence dates back to the US government during the cold war. General George Washington was an avid user of intelligence as he used intelligenc e to spy on British forces in Boston. This helped in the evasion of the British at Valley Forge during the continental army (Michael, 2001). In the US, the intelligence community composed of the National security Agency, the CIA, and the Defense Intelligence Agency, is responsible for collecting information, asses the accuracy of this information, define the reliability of the information, and propagate the information to decision makers. These decision makers use the information from intelligence agency and use it to make viable decision and disseminate it to the president and the senate where they use the same information to make policies governing the country. This information includes that of nuclear explorations and the security of the country and information concerning threats to the country. This intelligence agencies work with the approval of the president and their role is to provide information that will be used by the president and the senate to make viable

Jason and demarco Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Jason and demarco - Essay Example Although unorthodox, this brief analysis will work to examine Jason and DeMarco’s ministry as a function of how it compares to the mores of mainline Christianity and how it might differ. In order to accomplish such a task, the author has pulled together resources from Jason and DeMarco’s own website, their biography as expounded upon in a July 2004 issue of The Advocate, as well as selected works from their own discography and select music videos in the hopes of better understanding how they relate to mainstream Christianity. The clear and obvious fact of the matter is that this duo is most differentiated by the fact that they are a homosexual couple; while at the same time they are a musical group that works to promote the love of Christ throughout the communities they serve. Although Jason and DeMarco describe their spiritual mission as concentric upon witnessing to and spreading the word of God within the LGBT community, the group appeals to Christians of all sexual orientations as well. From a standpoint of their ministry, the most positive factor is that the duo has not let their homosexuality serve as a reason for not pursuing their faith. In a way, Jason and DeMarco are pioneers in this regard due to the fact that discrimination and early trials would have been enough to discourage anyone for continuing to align themselves with such a group that provided such high levels of judgment and non-acceptance as did those Christian groups that Jason and DeMarco were originally associated with (Quittner 36). However, rather than letting this be a discouragement, the duo forged ahead and sought to find an outlet in which they could both share their love for one another while at the same time pursuing their mutual passion of spreading the love of God. Similarly, a secondary positive factor relates to the fact that the message of love and acceptance that Christianity portends to all mankind is equally encapsulated in the ministry of Jason and DeMarco. Although this may seem incongruous to many Christians, the fact of the matter is that these two are furthering the very same Christ-like virtues that are intended to be spread by the church on earth according to Christ’s own teachings. Although many Christians might not accept their lifestyle (CITE), the fact remains that the duo are promoting the same type of love and acceptance that Christ himself ministered to during His time on earth. With respect to a negative aspect of their spiritual mission, the author finds it somewhat troubling that their ministry is so focused and concentric around the relationship that the two share with one another. Although this is doubtless a defining characteristic of the duo, it may not necessarily be the best vehicle with which to approach the focus of their ministry. As Christ should necessarily be the central focus of their musical ministry, it is somewhat distracting that the types of performance, music videos, and copious articles that a re written on the duo are almost entirely focused upon the fact that they are a gay couple who happens to be contemporary Christian performers. Perhaps a better model would be for the group to market and bill themselves as contemporary Christian performers who just so happen to share a homosexual lifestyle together. Although most of this press attention is not

Obstacles to Foreign Carmakers with the Expansion of the Market in Essay

Obstacles to Foreign Carmakers with the Expansion of the Market in Russia - Essay Example As people over there have already started buying cars compared to what the scenario was before, I think it is a good idea to give them more ideas by inviting the best of the best car makers to sell their variants. There are few obstacles which are faced by foreign car makers in Russia. For instance, those business accomplices who needed to put resources into Russia experienced certain issues like conflicting laws and terms, the absence of law authorization, boundless debasement, unusual natures domain, and wheel and deal transactions, does not give any particular assessment or import obligation help to remote investors. As most of the spare parts are locally made, there is a highly charged tax for imported parts. Russia’s domestic carmakers are facing fierce competitions from foreign counterparts as many local firms in other countries might do upon the arrivals of foreign firms. Do you think the strategies of Russia’s domestic carmakers will work? Why Ever since the arrival of foreign car makers in Russia, the domestic counterparts are facing a fierce challenge from them. The reason is the better offering offerings of model and features by those international cars. Till now the domestic car makers had the strategy of manufacturing low-cost cars for people to purchase the market for cars was not so developed over there. But now that there has been a rise in the economy and the people have higher disposable income, the trend has changed. The locals are looking forward to latest models and better features which is being offered by these foreign manufacturers. The domestic manufacturers also need to understand the requirement of the consumers and make cars with better features and  design to suit their needs.

Marketing Communications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Marketing Communications - Essay Example Usually, target markets are set based on their â€Å"geographic location, their demographic and psychographic characteristics† (Koekemoer, 2004, p.1). Previously, different aspects of marketing communication like selling activities, direct marketing, sales promotion, Internet advertising etc were handled by experts of the respective fields. This generated lack of coordination and frequent inconsistency resulting in reaching target below the optimum level. Today, integrated marketing communication (IMC) is emerging where all kinds of communication and messages are properly coordinated with each other. Basically, IMC is proper integration of all communication tools to make them perform in harmony. Understanding consumer behavior is the primary objective of all marketers. Demand is created when consumers recognize need of a product and change of demand occurs when opportunities change. For instance, a person may prefer superior brands after a job promotion. After recognizing a brand, a consumer then looks for alternatives which may always be price based. For instance, a consumer may prefer quality over price. Consumers of products and services, and business customers all over the world are becoming increasingly accessible (Rosenbaum-Elliot et al., 2011, pp.6-8). Today, the management system is moving from tier system with managers becoming independent and without supporting services. This means managers today need to have full knowledge of marketing which is an ever changing process. The focus of marketing has shifted from acquiring new customers or retaining customers for life to selecting the right kind of customers. The emphasis is on discarding unprofitable customers while at the same time attracting and retaining the more profitable customers. There are many customers who do not remain loyal to any specific brand as they shift to other brands as soon

Advancements in Medical Technology Essay Example for Free

Advancements in Medical Technology Essay Introductions: Have you or have you had someone, that was near and dear to your family and hearts, pass away and think to yourself â€Å"If medical technology was just a little more advance, they might have been able to still be here with me today? † Or was their life, cut from your life to soon, because of the need for more advancements in the medical pharmaceutical side of things such as medications and treatments. Maybe, even be able to give them the therapeutic device that would have been able to give them a longer life expectancy? One thing to think about is that over the past thirty years advancements in the Biological, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic device fields of Medical Technology has greatly improved the life quality and expectancy of many human beings. (What kind of introduction did you write for your expository essay? Asked a question What other types of introductions might be appropriate for this kind of essay? Providing a startling statistic. Include interesting facts about the subject. What makes your introduction type more effective than another introduction type for your particular essay? By asking a question to the reader, the way that I have asked a question makes it personal to the reader and makes them think and want to read more about what I have written. ) Conclusions: My husband and I believe that if Stem Cell research was around years ago when he was first diagnosed by Type I Diabetes, that he would not have to worry so much about his blood sugars going high or low all the time. Now with the advancements in therapeutic devices, we are able to go to a specialized diabetic doctor (known as a Endocrinologist) and be able to help him get on a Medtronic Insulin Pump, that will help him with getting his sugars stable and give him the right amount of insulin that his body needs to function properly like you and I do. On the bright side due to the fact that there are advancements in medical technology with the therapeutic side of things, there is a small variety of insulin pumps on the market today that he is able to choose from that will fit to his personal needs and wants. With medical personnel continuing to improve upon advancements in the Biological, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic device fields of Medical Technology, there will be more people out there, such as I that will not have to lose their loved ones before their time. (What kind of conclusion did you write for your expository essay? I think that by finishing up with another question it will hopefully convince the reader that everything I have provided will have them agreeing with my essay. Also something that would be more effective would be to provide an ironic twist, a surprising observation. What other types of conclusions might be appropriate for this kind of essay? Restating the thesis or summarizing the main points of my essay What makes your conclusion type more effective than another conclusion type for your particular essay? By providing an ironic twist, with a surprising observation from my own personal life might help the reader understand more of why I was so passionate about writing about those things in my essay. )

A Review Of Groundhog Day

A Review Of Groundhog Day Groundhog Day is one of those rare films that has been entirely embraced as a cultural artifact by Western society. Roger Ebert says; there are a few films, and this is one of them, that burrow into our memories and become reference points. When you find yourself needing the phrase this is like Groundhog Day to explain how you feel, a movie has accomplished something. As a term it has been absorbed into popular speech, as observed by Ryan Gilbey; Its everywhere in travel writing, rock journalism, advice columns, horoscopes. Tony Blair refers to it in a speech about the Northern Ireland peace process, and it crops up in the Archbishop of Canterburys Richard Dimbleby Lecture in 2002. It makes its way into the headline of a restaurant review (a culinary groundhog day), a cricket report (Groundhog Day for the West Indies), and an editorial on the search for weapons of mass destruction in Iraq (No smoking guns, no huge breakthroughs, just a hint that Groundhog Day may be over) while a kidnap victim uses the phrase to describe his captivity in the Colombian jungle. It was even unofficially adopted into the American military jingo with reference to their conflict in Somalia at around the time that the film came out on VHS, and officially adopted into the United States Film Directory as being culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant in 2006. It was screened in the New York Museum of Modern Art in a season entitled The Hidden God: Film and Faith along with works by Bergman and Rossellini, and the occasion was seen as an opportunity for religious groups to vocalise their suppositions as to its pertinence to their individual faiths. The most vocal were the Buddhists, with a popular urban legend regarding the film stating that in an early draft Phil was stuck in Punxatawny for 10,000 years, a significant number in Buddhist teachings. Danny Rubin, the films screenwiter, denounces this as untrue: Harold [Ramis, the director of the film] likes that allusion, and its good for the legend of the film because of the Buddhist connection. However, that wasnt on my mind. Some interpretations were that the film was intrinsically Jewish, (the movie tells us, as Judaism does, that the work doesnt end until the world has been perfected) or Christian (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦clearly the resurrected Christ). The film has also apparently been used in teachings by the Chinese spiritual movement Falun Dafa. If Nietzsche had been at that screening, however, I think that he would have revelled in it as intrinsically Nihilistic (in the positive sense), or (if the term existed when he were alive) Nietzschean. I have always been intimidated by Nietzsche, and indeed by Philosophy in general. I have always found the subject bewildering. Id hear outlandish quotes like God is dead, or about philosophical leanings like utilitarianism, empiricism or relativism, and be frustrated by their opacity, or at least by my inability to decipher what they are. But I also found it fascinating, at least from a distance. My aim for this thesis is to examine Groundhog Day a film I personally have a great love for using the parlance of the philosopher which most intrigued me, so as to better understand the work in the context of something which I have an afinity for. Nietzsches writings and musings had a huge effect on Populist opinion in the twentieth century, and it is my contention that this can be observed clearly in Groundhog Day. Chapter One examines Nietzsches notion of Eternal Recurrence, and how it appears in the film. Eternal recurrence is the idea that we have lived the exact life we are leading now an infinite number of times in the past and will do so an infinite number of times in the future. If weve enjoyed a particularly righteous or pleasurable life, this might sound like the greatest of outcomes. If not, eternal recurrence may strike us as a curse. Our misery, far from being over when we die, is destined to be repeated on us, eternal retribution for our mistakes. This is very obviously manifested in Groundhog Day. Chapter Two then will examine Phil seeking and achieving what Nietzsche refers to as the Ubermensch, or Overman. Nietzsche coined the term Ubermensch in his book Thus Spake Zarathustra; I teach you the overman. Man is something that shall be overcome. What have you done to overcome him? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ All beings so far have created something beyond themselves; and do you want to be the ebb of this great flood, and even go back to the beasts rather than overcome man? What is ape to man? A laughing stock or painful embarrassment. And man shall be that to overman: a laughing stock or painful embarrassment. The idea of the overman was misappropriated by National Socialism in the early part of the twentieth century. After Nietzsches death, his estate was run by his sister Elizabeth, a staunch nationalist and rampant anti-semite, two things which Nietzsche himself found unpalatable. She re-edited and reinterpreted Nietzsches work so that he became the representative philosopher for the Nazis, going so far as to print a book called The Will to Power posthumously, which was made up of notes and musings which he had no intention of publishing. This became something of a bible for National Socialism leading to Nietzsche being worshipped by the Nazis, an image which Nietzsche only overcame in the latter part of the Twentieth century. As you can imagine, the idea of the Ubermensch became a standard for the Nazis and their theories on eugenics and ethnic cleansing. But this was not Nietzsches intention. According to documentarian Simon Chu, Nietzsche proposes an ideal of self overcoming, an ideal he calls the overman, not by having recourse to a metaphysical realm outside of the human, but within the possibilities of the humanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ how can we as humans transcend ourselves? The idea of the overman came from Nietzsches own battle for self mastery. Human beings in general, he argued, had a duty to rise above their own condition. Nietzsche himself was quite limited physically due to perpetual illness, and socially due to self-imposed isolation, and Phil Connor is similarly limited by his own nature: he creates a bitter faà §ade which, through the course of the film, is broken down through his own endeavours at self-improvement. Ubermensch actually means overcoming, looking for a new path devoid of God. Chapter Three will deal with that notion: the association between Phil Connors self-betterment and the Nihilistic idea which must be embraced by the Ubermensch. Nihilism, as Nietzsche saw it, was not just a viewpoint that nothing in life has any meaning: Nietzsche proposed that we must look within ourselves to find a strong moral compass, rather than be corralled by the external ideals purported by religion. This type of moral opinion is negative; only from looking within ourselves can we find a true moral standpoint. When left to his own devices for an eternity of recurrence, Phil makes the choices which make him a better man for himself, not for anyone or anything else, Maybe the real God uses tricks. Maybe hes not omnipotent, hes just been around so long he knows everything. Eternal Recurrence Phil: What would you do if you were stuck in one place and every day was exactly the same, and nothing that you did mattered? Ralph: That about sums it up for me. Phil: I have been stabbed, shot, poisoned, frozen, hung, electrocuted, and burned. Rita: Oh, really? Phil: and every morning I wake up without a scratch on me, not a dent in the fender I am an immortal. Groundhog Day concerns itself heavily with the notion of Eternal Recurrence, or Eternal Return, to the extent of illuminating some conflicting interpretations of this key Nietzschean thought. In Nietzsches book The Gay Science, he first hits upon the idea of Eternal Return: What if some day or night a demon were to steal after you into your loneliest loneliness and say to you, `This life as you now live it and have lived it, you will have to live once more and innumerable times more; and there will be nothing new in it, but every pain and every joy and every thought and sigh and everything unutterably small or great in your life will have to return to you, all in the same succession and sequence even this spider and this moon-light between the trees, and even this moment and I myself. The eternal hourglass of existence is turned upside down again and again, and you with it, speck of dust! Would you not throw yourself down and gnash your teeth and curse the demon who spoke thus? Or have you once experienced a tremendous moment when you would have answered him, `You are a god and never have I heard anything more divine!' This statement makes the point that Eternal Return, though at first glance a hellish endeavour, is in fact a positive occurrence, if the person that he is referring to in the quotation is in fact happy to repeat their lives. The notion rears its head in earnest in Thus Spake Zarathustra. The semi-autobiographical text sees a fictional interpretation of the prophet of the Zoroaster people make his way down from his mountain retreat to spread the word of Nihilism to the people down below. He arrives during his journey to a straight road leading far off in distant directions under a gateway titled Moment. His dwarf travel companion makes this point: All that is straight lies, All truth is crooked; time itself is a circle. Zarathustra cannot reconcile with the thought of eternal recurrence quite as easily as his companion, largely because he would have to recognize that the mundanity of humanity that he so deplores will never be fully overcome, but rather will be repeated over and over again. This seems contradictory of what happens in Groundhog Day: Phil experiences February 2nd every day in the same small town, but every day he does something different, thus negating Eternal Recurrence as Nietzsche sees it. According to Deleuzes interpretation, Nietzsche was not in fact promoting the idea of the return of the identical but rather the return of the different. Each return selects the life-enhancing while rejecting the life-degrading, leading to each iteration being better than the last. As Deleuze says, We can thus see how the eternal return is linked, not to a repetition of the same, but on the contrary, to a transmutation. It is the moment or the eternity of becoming which eliminates all that resists it. It releases, indeed it creates, the purely active and pure affirmation. Groundhog Day contradicts both the outlined hypotheses. In Phil Connors world, there is no Nietzschean return of the identical he is able to act differently each time and cause different events to happen. And no repetition is more affirmative than the last Groundhog Day presents a far more human version of eternal recurrence. Phil mostly muddles his way through the situation, sometimes winding up less affirmative, sometimes more. Motivated by his love for Rita, he does finally reach a state of metamorphosis and at that point he is extricated from eternal recurrence. Luce Irigaray is perhaps the right philosopher for guiding us to unlocking the Nietzschean essence of Groundhog Day. Irigaray agrees with the conventional view that eternal recurrence concerns the return of the same. She objects to it on the grounds that it is a sterile thought that excludes any notion of the other, of outer influence. She writes of eternal recurrence as nothing but the will to recapitulate all projects within yourself. In other words, it is self-perpetuating and self-referential. We might think of it as a type of parthenogenesis it provides men with the ability to give birth to themselves over and over again, thus denying the role of the female. Irigaray wishes to promote the value of the other, which she largely conceives in female terms, in opposition to the traditional philosophical subject that she considers steadfastly male and masculine. She says For, in the other, you are changed. Become other, and without recurrence. In Groundhog Day, its Phil Connors love for his female colleague Rita that proves decisive. By immersing himself in otherness, by learning everything that makes Rita tick, he performs a type of metamorphosis, a rebirth in a sense rather than a return. He sheds his old, sexist form and emerges as a far more rounded human being, in touch with his feminine side (his inner other). As soon as he has fully achieved this, hes released from eternal recurrence. As argued by Irigaray, in any case. In Nietzsches conception of eternal recurrence, the individual has no memory of his previous lives. In Groundhog Day, Phil Connors certainly does. But hes the only one. All the others with whom he shares his eternal recurrence are perhaps in the classic Nietzschean position of having no recollection of their past existences. However, if they specifically interact (or even not specifically or personally) with Phil then their fate each time is no longer fixed, although they have no memory of the different paths Phil engineers for them. Phils circumstance is in this sense much more horrific than theirs. He is not dealing with eternal recurrence as an interesting hypothesis; he is a conscious participator and victim of it, entirely out of his control. Nietzsches eternal recurrence is, of course, logically problematic because if an individuals life is a repeat of previous lives then he would appear to have no free choice, yet Nietzsche seems to want us to alter our attitude to life in the face of the realisation of the harsh truth of eternal recurrence. If we accept his scenario in its strictest sense then our response to the concept of eternal recurrence is nothing over which we can have any control and our reaction, whatever it may be, is entirely futile, one we have exhibited an infinite number of times before and will do so an infinite number of times in the future. For Phil, this objection is removed. He can change; he has complete free choice. Its up to him to choose his attitude towards his metaphysical and existential predicament. At first, understandably, he experiences complete shock, before enjoying a brief sensation of omnipotence and omniscience. Then suicidal depression kicks in at the utter futility of everything he does. Of course, he is incapable of dying, so there is no way out. He then has few choices within the confines of Punxatawney. After much duress, Phil chooses to make the most of the world he now inhabits. He educates himself in many new fields and becomes accomplished as a scholar, artist, linguist and musician. He also develops as a person and achieves self-awareness, rather than the self destruction that he pursued previously. Through this enlightenment, he at last secures the love of the woman he has pursued from the beginning. In Jungian terms, Rita represents the Self that we all strive to find during our lifes journey. By winning her, Phil has completed Jungs arduous process of individuation, and become Nietzsches monument of self-improvement. This is so momentous that Phil actually escapes from eternal recurrence and re-enters causality, but now he is a transformed human being, completely reborn out of the hardships that he has experienced, given that chance to view the world through entirely new eyes. This then is the key to Eternal Recurrence: its not meant to be interpreted literally, but as an aphorism to guide people to whom Nihilism was becoming an increasingly attractive prospect when Nietzsche wrote about it in 19th Century Germany  [1]  . In a meta-physical sense, its like an Aesops Fable, with an easily discernible moral. Its not to be analyzed and dissected scientifically to ascertain its veracity: as said in The Simpson; Lisa: When a tree falls in the woods, does it make a sound? Bart: Sure it does. Neeeeer-crash. To argue (as Nietzsche himself did), that there is a scientific grounding in the theory is missing the point, I feel  [2]  . The point is that the individual must strive for self-improvement, to aim to achieve the Ubermensch, as I feel Phil did in Groundhog Day. The Ubermensch I teach you the overman. Man is something that shall be overcome. What have you done to overcome him? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ All beings so far have created something beyond themselves; and do you want to be the ebb of this great flood, and even go back to the beasts rather than overcome man? What is ape to man? A laughing stock or painful embarrassment. And man shall be that to overman: a laughing stock or painful embarrassment. Larry: Prima Donnas. As said in Simon Chus documentary Human, All too Human, Nietzsche proposes an ideal of self overcoming, an ideal he calls the overman, not by having recourse to a metaphysical realm outside of the human, but within the possibilities of the human how can we as humans transcend ourselves? The idea of the overman came from Nietzsches own battle for self mastery.  [3]  Human beings in general, he argued, had a duty to rise above their own condition. Nietzsche (early on) was what was referred to as a Schopenhauerian, as in he became a disciple of the German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer after reading The World as Will and Idea. Schoppenhauer was a huge influence on Nietzsche, and talks about the will. Schoppenhauers will is akin to Freuds id, an unconscious, striving, persistent force, it may seem that the intellect drives the will, but it is in fact the other way around. In a Darwinian sense, every individual is striving against the will of others in a self interested way. Schoppenhauer saw the will as essentially evil, and the only way out of this suffering and evil is the denial of the will, a refusal to take part in the egotistical contest for domination of others. Its interesting to take a look at Phil Connors with Schoppenhauers will in mind, seeing as he was such a huge influence on Nietzsche. Early in the film, even before the time loop comes into effect, Phil strives persistently to impose his higher status onto the people around him, mostly by belittling them. In the first three minutes, almost every line out of his mouth is vitriolic, from calling his fellow anchor hairdo, to diminishing Ritas authority through impersonating her, to fussing over the fact he wont stay in the hotel that Rita is staying in, to insulting how Larry eats, the list goes on.  [4]   After the loop sets in and the realization of we can do whatever we [want], he sets about dominating the whole town, to becoming the King of Punxatawney. The loop and the actions that Phil took eventually led to what Schoppenhauer referred to as the extinction of the self. This can all be interpreted as similar or influential on Nietzsches idea of the Ubermensch. Nihilism God is dead. God remains dead. And we have killed him.  [5]   Phil: Im a god. Rita: Youre God? Phil: Im a god. Im not *the* God I dont think.  [6]   Nietzsche does not deny the existence of values, but the denial of value is in some sense what he means by nihilism. Michael Tanner says, What he portrays, in book after book, is the gradual but accelerating decline of Western man into a state where no values any longer impress him, or where he mouthes them but they mean nothing to him any longer. Tanner, p 32. If forced to label Nietzsche as a particular sort of philosopher, one would label him as a moral philosopher. But unlike moral philosophers that had come previously, Nietzsche does not provide the reader with a set moral code. His aim is to motivate the reader to come up with their own moral code, one that comes from within. Morality is usually studied philosophically from two different perspectives: normative ethics and meta ethics. Normative ethics is concerned with what is good and what is bad, and providing a perspective for moral decision making. Meta-ethics is concerned with what we mean when we use the word good or bad, and where our definition of those words come from, ie where our morals come from. When we think of the word good, we are probably not tapping into some universal reservoir of goodness, rather our definition more than likely comes from the society we inhabit.  [7]   Nietzsche is mostly concerned with meta-ethical issues. Nietzsche is not so much concerned with the fact that our beliefs are false, but rather the belief about those beliefs. Why should we hold the beliefs that we do? When Nietzsche first declared that God is dead in The Gay Science, he means that society no longer has a use for God, that the belief does not help the survival of the species, rather it hinders it. The ethical implications of this are important, for with the death of God comes the death of religious morality, a morality that has underpinned Western culture for hundreds of years. Morality as it is still practiced derives from the Hebraic-Christian tradition, its origins to be found in the dictates of the god of a small middle Eastern tribe, and that its contents remain very much what they were. This brings us back to Phil Connors in his Punxatawney time-warp. Observing Phil superficially, we can surmise that he was probably raised in a Christian moral system, and would have been raised with the ubiquitous Western moral code. But as soon as he trusts in the fact that there will be no repercussions for his actions in the form of punishment from an external authority figure (a staple of the Christan moral code), he was able to cast aside his morals easily, Phil: Its the same thing your whole life: Clean up your room. Stand up straight. Pick up your feet. Take it like a man. Be nice to your sister. Dont mix beer and wine, ever. Oh yeah: Dont drive on the railroad track. Gus: Well, Phil, thats one I happen to agree with. This signifies that they were not his, merely the morals society applied to him. He then embarks on a spree of ethical naturalism. Ethical naturalism is the view that our morality can be based on our nature. For example, in a utilitarian sense, Our moral beliefs did not fall from heaven and neither are they credentials we can flash like a badge to establish our moral probity p30, Tanner And morality, meaning the variety of attitudes that we find officially espoused in our society? It ministers to our welfare, in its basic form, so that at least we feel safe when our backs are turned on other people Tanner, p31 If he sometimes thinks of himself as the prophet of nihilism, it is not in the sense that he is proclaiming arrival as something to be celebrated, but in the sense that Jeremiah was the prophet of the destruction of Jerusalem. Tanner, p32. What he portrays, in book after book, is the gradual but accelerating decline of Western man into a state where no values any longer impress him, or where he mouthes them but they mean nothing to him any longer. Tanner, p 32. Christianity has always been in a state of moral identity crisis. That, though a large factor in the moral bewilderment of the West, is a marginal issue for Nietzsche, whose main interest is in the nature of moralitys sanctions in general. Tanner, p 33. Its interesting to note the moral compass of the film itself. As (despite the philosophical ramification of the premise) a light-hearted entry into the romantic comedy genre, it was unlikely to go to a particularly dark place with the premise. What this means for the character is that Phil represents the morals of the progenitors of the piece: they were unwilling, morally, to allow Phil to become involved in any particularly unsavoury acts or crimes. The repeated suicides were a strong turn in the film (unusual in its genre), but Phil never acts upon his presumed darkest impulses to commit forceful sex acts or to murder. Im glad we dont have to watch a scene where a deranged Phil takes a meat cleaver to Ned, or brutally sexually assaults Rita, but I find it worthwhile to note the morally controlling influence of creator and audience. Imagine Gaper Noes Groundhog Day. Could it be said that this was, in fact, Phils punishment?

Developing a Framework to Enhance Pupil Learning

Developing a Framework to Enhance Pupil Learning How Can Curriculum Frameworks Be Designed, Implemented and Supported to Enhance Pupil Learning? Define Frameworks The National Curriculum Framework constitutes the essential components of school from key stage one and two at essential level and key stage three and four at optional level, incorporating instruction for kids with extraordinary needs (National Curriculum of England, 2014). The National Curriculum Framework is the crucial archive that exhibits the components of the educational modules framework: the qualities, objectives, standards, substance and general objectives of instructive regions, the assessment of student accomplishments, and the assessment and self-assessment of the acknowledgment of the national educational modules (Znanosti, 2010). It can be seen as the instructive territory of subject structure, deciding the subjects and modules of the main subjects, discretionary subjects and modules, student workload. At the end of the day, the National Curriculum Framework is the reason for the planning of syllabi and other educational modules reports including; rules for the utilizat ion of the educational modules, instructor manuals, parent manuals, principles for the arrangement of course readings and other showing materials, norms and benchmarks for the evaluation of the way of pupil achievements and school operations. National Curriculum Frameworks primary is centre is pupil achievement and development in informational domains, dealt with according to preparing cycles, and depictions and destinations of group points that focus on working up the key territories in preparing for students and there can be a wide range of different curriculum frameworks that can be linked to different subject areas such as self-determination theory and the sport education model, both have been heavily researched in the field of physical education. National Curriculum Framework likewise adds to the arranging and association of school operations, including the reception of the school educational programs (Ryan, 2007). The National Curriculum Framework is an advancement archive seeing that it will prompt to the improvement, arranging, or elaboration of every single other record, and seeing that it will be interested in changes and persistent recharging as per changes and improvements in the public eye and instruction (Znanosti, 2010). Quick changes in science, innovation, the economy, and different ranges of social life put before training ever-new necessities, and this prompts to the requirement for steady assessment and alteration of the national educational modules. Instructive qualities, objectives, capabilities and standards are controlled by empowering the comprehension of the essential course of improvement of the national educational modules, and constitute key determinants for the harmonization of the arranging of the advancement and operation of training organizations (Znanosti, 2010). Goals and longings of pupil achievement in informational zones and furthermore the depictions and targets of cross-curricular topics help the schools relate subjects more viably, streamline educating, and enhance preparing with optional and non-fundamental subjects and extracurricular activities as per schools profiles and needs, the necessities of the pupils, and the prerequisites of the more extensive group. A present day approach to manage the arranging and headway of the national instructive modules logically decentralizes and democratizes this technique, moreover, incorporates and extends obligation with respect to any movements to fuse educators, accomplices, principals, and other basic accomplices and customers of preparing youths, pupils, and people from the group and common gathering, social assistants, and others. Product Process Models It is contended that the development of curriculum in education is a result of many factors including, how it is used by teachers and how it is put together, it can also depend on who you are teaching (Ornstein and Hunkins, 2009). Models is curriculum push teachers who efficiently and straightforwardly set establish the reason for the use of these models and how to implement them in specific teaching, educating and evaluation approaches. It was endorsed by Ornstein and Hunkins (2009) who say in despite the way that educational modules are really used, they as often as possible neglect the human perspective, for instance, the individual perspectives, opinions, values required in educational modules making. Along these lines, they cannot be seen as an equivalence and are advised against being used ahead of your leading and the individual judgment of the teacher on what is a bad approach and a good approach to manage pupil education. An ordinarily explained, adjustment of models of educ ational development is those suggested by numerous creators known by the Product Model and Process Model. It was shown by Neary (2003) that these as are arrangements in addition to expectations known as The Product Model) and the other one which portrays and accentuates exercises in addition to impacting on learning known as The Process Model, both have been heavily researched in education roles Models that developed out of Tylers work, such as Popham and Baker (1970), were criticised for their over emphasis on learning objectives and were viewed as employing very technical, means-to-end reasoning (ONeill, 2010). It was expressed by Knight, (2001) in a study regarding curriculum planning in the process model in contrast with the product model, he says that it is vital to plan instinctively when it comes to curriculum, and that the teacher must trust in themselves and good teacher outcomes will come to fruition, they must also consider who they are teaching, as if the pupils dont understand what is being taught, nothing is learned. This prescribes it might be easier to establish the area that is being justly attempting to satisfy in learning establishment, in addition to who you are teaching it to and then to process meaning it can then be shaped to what is trying to be taught and whats more relevant will be established. There is a degree of various and more particular models which autonomously, or with everything considered, may be more beneficial. A portion of the informational project models have ended up being out of various edifying settings, like in higher education for instance. Regardl ess, most models are easily adapted to be used in all areas. This is comparable to Product/Process, to the extent that informational undertakings models. It is believed that it ought not to be viewed as being positive or negative. In another approach, informational ventures progress can be seen as a productive chart for sorting out the environment of education and learning, this approach has been portrayed as being certified and proficient. In comparison, the non-technical approach is individual and refined as its primary focus is based around who is learning (Ornstein and Hunkins, 2004). However, the product model is key in making plus passing on clear outcomes to the pupils and has changed its focus and emphasis a long way from plans of substance. Late written work, recommends that when this model is being utilised, it is recommended that care is taken to be become unnecessarily strict when teaching and learning comes about (Hussey and Smith, 2003, Maher, 2004, Gosling, 2009; Hussey and Smith, 2008). In research by Hussey and Smith (2003, p367, they found; Accepting that student motivation is an essential element in learning, we propose that those who teach should begin to reclaim learning outcomes and begin to frame them more broadly and flexibly, to allow for demonstrations and expressions of appreciation, enjoyment and even pleasure, in the full knowledge that such outcomes pose problems for assessment. Research looking at another education model approach, it was found that there is an extensive variety of instructive projects models that can be used. Another model to be considered in education is known as the Backward Design Model, established in work by Wiggins and McTighe (2010), this is a notable model as it associates with Graduate Attributes and Competences. Finks (2003) prominent educational programs demonstrate in spite of the fact that non-specialized and is not seen as humanistic in its approach to education, additionally it appeals to the idea of drawing on past experiences in teacher to create an educational program. Taking everything into account, in conclusion, it can be seen that there isnt a single model that is beneficial to every educational program as a whole on a broad spectrum. Be that as it may, distinguishing and being predictable with all educational models for learning aid in the reinforcement unification and understanding of methodologies in different programs. An example of this, it is said by ONeill (2005) that; it is common in some Science and Professional Health Science programs that the early years may have a more specialised logical approach, though later years may have a more experiential approach. Be that as it may, in relation to the engagement of pupils when learning, is there a way that these educational models could be more fused and efficient over a program? Is it significant to recall over a program and question what might a graduate recollects (Fink, 2003). As a program group, it merits investigating outlooks when researching these distinctive educational models and utilising how to use them to aid you in an educational program design and also to deliver the program which has been created to ensure that what is being taught is the best and most efficient experience for peers and pupils who are also likely to use it to make sure that best practice is being used at all time when teaching. Student/Pupil Learning Student learning research began in Sweden, with Marton and Sà ¤ljà ¶Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s (1976) investigation of surface and profound ways on how to deal with education. They gave pupils a content to peruse, and let them know they would be made inquiries thereafter. Students reacted in two diverse ways. The principal aggregate learned in foresight of the inquiries, focusing restlessly on the realities and subtle elements that may be inquired. They skated along the surface of the content, as Marton and Sà ¤ljà ¶ put it, utilizing a surface way to deal with learning. What these students recollected was a rundown of disconnected actualities; they didnt appreciate the point the creator was making. The second gathering then again set out to comprehend the significance of what the creator was attempting to state. They went underneath the surface of the content to translate that importance, utilizing a profound approach. They saw the comprehensive view and how the truths and points of inter est put forth the authors defence. Take note of that the expressions profound and surface as utilized here portray methods for taking in a specific assignment, not, the same number of hence utilized the terms, as depicting qualities of students. Kember (1997) portrayed two extensive presentations in teaching: the teacher centred/content and the pupil centred/learning. To a great degree, significant breakdown of these presentations he supports various other makers points of view in association with student-centred learning which includes the data that is controlled by pupils and that the isnt used as a fountain of knowledge and the pupils are encouraged to used guided discovery to learn off each other. Rogers (1983) distinguished the critical part and requirement of pupil learning as; a pioneer or individual who is seen as an expert figure in the circumstance, is adequately secure inside herself (himself) and in her (his) relationship to others that she (he) encounters a fundamental trust in the limit of others to think for themselves, to learn for themselves. In a study by Burnard, 1999, as he disentangles Rogers contemplations regarding pupil-centeredness as pupils may pick what to consider and whats more how and why, that subject may be an interesting one to think about. Reflections on the subject were drawn by Gibbs (1995) when the author portrays pupil-centred developments as those that uneasiness: learner movement rather than lethargy; students understanding on the course outside the establishment and before the course; process and limit, instead of the material; where the crucial choices regarding what they are learning is discussed with who is teaching them. Harding and Crosby (2000) are essentially indistinguishable, depicting learning, based around teacher structures as the highlight of the educator transmitting information that comes from the teacher and what is taught to the pupil. Inquisitively, it is shown that pupil centred learning as centring on what the pupil is learning and what they do to ensure that it is helping them progress in them in contrast to the teachers influence on their education, the main focus of this concentrates on the likelihood of the pupil doing. In research by Gibbs, he goes into more detail to include: how, what and when the pupil is learning, with what result, and how it will be utilised. In an essentially indistinguishable manner in prior arrangement, the student and educator relationship is especially clarified in their book entitled A Guide to Student-Cantered Learning by Brandes and Ginnis (1986), in this book they focus of primary areas of pupil centred learning and that the pupil has full control over what they are learning without teacher input Both student and teacher input shows a strong bond, the teacher becomes facilitator and benefit the individual Learners encounter juncture when training (full of feeling and psychological spaces stream together. The learner sees themselves contrastingly subsequently of the learning knowledge. A few techniques were connected by Chegenizadeh and Nikraz, 2012 research, to ensure that students are occupied with the class exercises. Students received self-instructive booklets. The booklets were planned to bolster sessions for pupils, isolate preparing and singular direction. The technique resembled ONeill McMahon (2005) in which a firm focus of errands and learning could be seen, all things considered finished in the classroom, despite the way that if the pupils supported, these endeavours could be done at home or in various spots and in various conditions. Pupils were supported and encouraged to discover their own needs and primarily put thought in the areas of education that related to them. Curriculum in Physical Education A commonly used educational model is the Sport education Model, in recent research it has shown to aid pupils motivational response whilst undertaking physical activitySport Education, an instructional and educational model intended to create equipped, proficient, and eager sportspeople (Siedentop, 1994; Siedentop, Hastie, van der Mars, 2004), was served as substance for expert advancement in light of its remarkable components that are not the same as normal Russian physical education (Hastie and Sinelnikov, 2006). Sport Education utilises small groups of people throughout the season, and has been depicted as pupil-focused learning (Alexander, Taggert Luckman 1998). Sport Education plans to give a more reliable way to deal with showing sport by divulging in its basic qualities which include seasons, links between teams, competitions which are combined with different practices, attending different events keeping statistics and records on teams (Siedentop et al., 2004) The Sport Education curriculum model was designed to provide positive motivational sport experiences for all students in physical education by simulating key contextual features of authentic sport (Siedentop, 1994). Despite helping students upgrade their diversion capacities, wear preparing urges them to fulfil other amusement related parts, for instance, official, amass guide, authority, also delivering on a recreations organization panel or as a noteworthy part of a commitment bunch. Inside the overall structure of these educational modules the pupils gradually acknowledge more conspicuous responsibility for learning, while teachers surrender ordinary ahead of time direct instructing parts. The teacher, resulting to getting off centre sort out, frequently goes about as facilitator to student social data and capacity learning through an extent of pupil centred learning techniques. In spite of the way that not planned to be prescriptive in its utilization. There are contrasting factors between the Sport Education Model and the traditional teacher preparation of an educational model. Pupils generally work in a comparably small gathering all through the widened length educational modules and are given commitment with respect to demonstrating each extraordinary aptitude inside a pleasant social affair structure. By using this strategy, the teacher can help pupils with their essential initiative for choice of learning, which must be suitable of everyone that is involved in the educational establishment. This is comparable with the significant components of an endeavour included climate (Ames, 1992). Research by Alexander and Luckman, (2001) has shown the rewarding result that education in sport has on pupil avidness for physical preparing. Grant (1992) found that Sport Education advanced collaboration, enhanced associations among partners, and raised energy among various pupils who as of now seemed to despise physical guideline and amusement. It can be suggested that this student avidness could be credited by the way the teacher approaches teaching in physical education and if they are seen not to be enjoying what they are teacher, the pupil is less likely to be engaged. If the students saw the teacher to be less transcendent than in customary curricular attitudes (Carlson and Hastie, 1997) Other research of 344 Australian educators impression of the Sport Education model, Alexander and Luckman (2001) discovered that 83% of the teachers who were involved in the study agreed that the sport Education model shows that the students are more engaged in physical education as opposed to previous approaches. A considerable amount of this investigation on changes in pupil passionate outcomes with this model has been established on instructors long winded records (Alexander and Luckman, 2001; Grant, 1992). Despite when the ampleness of the Sport Education Model was reviewed regarding observations made of pupils. Physical education curriculum research can give a far more practical theory practically identical physical preparing settings. When using these pupils motivated theories it may similarly help to understand why using such models, like the Sport Education model, are useful in inspiring pupils to take part in more physical education Self Determination Theory This theory researched by Deci and Ryan, (2000) is an organismic-logic system of inspiration that views people as effectively looking for ideal difficulties and new encounters to ace and coordinate (Deci and Ryan, 1995). Overlooking being related sufficiently to the educational space for over 10 years (Deci, Vallerand, Pelletier, and Ryan, 1991), the change of work grounded in self-determination theory was moved to happen with respect to class PE. Beginning late, experts have been coordinated to look at the sensibility of the self-affirmation structure to the PE setting. (Standage, Treasure, Duda and Prusak, 2003). Standage and accomplices (2003) surveyed the effect of impression of a root atmosphere (self-organization persevering), utilizing a tool invented by deCharms (1976), on physical education pupil views on self-organization, health, and relatedness. Happens as intended uncovered a starting stage atmosphere to be sensibly farsighted of self-sufficiency fulfilment and hopelessly keen of capacity and relatedness fulfilment. Ryan and Deci (2000) say; in schools, the facilitation of more self-determined learning requires classroom conditions that allow satisfaction of these three basic human needs __ that is that support the innate needs to feel connected, effective, and agentic as one is exposed to new ideas and exercises new skills (p. 65) In the present work, Standage and accomplices looked into the comparisons between different supports, including; wellness, relatedness and autonomy which all play a part in the mental need and satisfaction on the pupil, while it was seen that there are vast others in physical education classes that may require satisfaction, in a recent study, a combined score for relatedness-reinforce, ability support, and self-adequacy reinforce given by the physical education teacher was enlisted. The self-determination theory hypothesis maintains that the satisfaction of every one of the three needs is required for flawless mental working (Deci and Ryan, 2000), general need satisfaction was relied on to be an essential path between the need supporting and the particular motivational controls evaluated in the current overview. In particular, it was expected that there would be a positive bond between need fulfilment and motivational control. Then again, it can be anticipated that need fulfilment would be oppositely identified with outer control and motivation. One guess could have inquired about that digressed to some degree from the hypothetical statutes of this theory. However, previous physical education established research found that impression relatedness and self-regulation (Standage et al., 2003), and point of view of capacity and relatedness to be unequivocally connected with interjected control, it can be estimated that interjected heading would mean that needs satis faction would be achieved. Grounded in self-determination theory (Deci and Ryan, 1985, 1991, Ryan and Deci, 2000a, 2002), physical education has reliably been kept to a singular result (e.g., Standage et al., 2003). Adjusted to the hypothesis created self-governing from whatever other individual insistence hypothesis (Deci and Ryan, 1985, 1991, Ryan and Deci, 2000, 2002) that positive stacked with feeling, insightful, and behavioural records are a section of self-choice motivational headings, as opposed to controlling ones, four result reports were investigated. These were the pupils level of fixation (mental result), relationship of helpful result and negative effect (stacked with feeling result), and inclination to take part in testing assignments (self-distinct behavioural result). Changed as per self-determination hypothesis and past physical education based work (Standage et al., 2003), it can be seen that normal inspiration and perceived control would distinctly foresee fixation, useful result, and incli nation for testing assignments, and would oppositely see negative effects. Strikingly, it can be expected that outer attitude and motivation would emphatically lean towards a negative effect and oppositely predict focus, valuable result, and the inclination for testing attempts. Regarding education, it can be seen that it is evident that this theory shows conclusive results that it useful to the world of education. it can be seen that it is apparent that this hypothesis demonstrates indisputable outcomes that it valuable to the universe of instruction. It can be seen that propelling self-chose motivation in students should be given high need in instructive difficulties, the key segments are what we imply as self-control reinforce and interpersonal commitment. Right when huge grown-ups most extraordinarily, guardians and educators are incorporated with understudies in an independence unfaltering manner, the understudies will likely hold their normal premium (their trademark motivation for learning) and to make independent sorts of self-course through the procedure of compromise.

Women Travel Writers :: Gender Femininity Literature Essays

Women Travel Writers After my own presentation, I wanted to dig a little deeper and see how women travel writers were representing nature in the 18th century. I wondered if the women's descriptions differed far from the men that I studied in my presentation. I want to focus on Dorothy Wordsworth (William's sister), Ann Radcliffe and Helen Maria Williams. I'm curious to know if they were guilty of over-representing women in landscape and nature scenes. At the very end, I'll put in my two cents about the gendering of Nature. First of all, Dorothy Wordsworth traveled with her brother a lot in the early 1800's; during this time she kept a journal and wrote, in rich details, about the landscape. Although she wrote predominately with a picturesque tone, she made an effort to pay attention to the sharp, jarring contrasts in nature, like crags, rough edges, and precipices. William Snyder's essay "Mother Nature's Other Natures: Landscape in Women's Writing, 1770-1830" suggests that it was Dorothy's intention to use the paradoxes in nature to focus on Nature's contrast. Snyder's source for his theory comes from his close readings of Dorothy's journals; he explains that her language and vocabulary are picturesque, but that she "presents Nature in need of care" (146). Snyder infers that for Dorothy, "maternal care flows out from the human heart, not to it from above or beyond" (146). Snyder comments that Dorothy made a point of highlighting the irregularities in nature and draws her inspiration on the irony of ord ered chaos. Snyder concludes that Dorothy likens Nature to a dress-maker, the "female as pattern-maker" (148). He suggests that she places emphasis on what "the hands, not the breasts, do" (148). Snyder also points out that Dorothy usually referred to Nature with "the impersonal pronoun 'it,' and not with 'she' or 'her'" (147); Snyder believes that Dorothy deliberately "overlooks possibilities for maternal symbolism or personification" (147). Dorothy does not view maternality with fertility and bounty, but with "protection and intimacy" (148). However, she does use the feminine pronoun in some of her works, but Snyder explains that "she," the metaphoric woman, is a "craftsperson, not a mother" (147). Unfortunately Snyder's argument does not convince me; how can Nature be a "pattern-maker" while being in need of care? I think the image of "pattern-maker" indicates originality and creativity, Nature as innovative and refreshing, not Nature in need of help, as Snyder indicates early in his argument.

Euthanasia Essay - The Controversial Issue of Doctor-Assisted Suicide

The Controversial Issue of Doctor-Assisted Suicide      Ã‚   Imagine youu have just found out you are going to die within three months. Recently the questions have been changed form, "What am I going to do with the rest of my life?" to "When should I kill myself"?   With painful and crippling diseases such as AIDS and cancer, and Alzheimers along with doctors such as Dr. Kavorkian, some people are choosing death over life.   Doctor assisted suicide has been a very controversial subject in the past few years.   Some states such as Oregon have passed laws which allow doctors to prescribe lethal drugs to patients who have less then six months to live.(Henin 1)   Other state have taken the opposite side.   I believe that if you are able to reason and think rationally you should decide whether to live or dir.   If not the people who know you best should make the decision.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If you are ever in a situation where you now you wil soon die the choice whether or not to kill youself should be your own.   I believe that doctorassisted suicide should not be controlled by the government, but should be apersonal choice based on the individual.   Many people could not imagine living in a hospital bed for the remainder of their lives.   They would rather die with dignity than live out the rest of their lives depandant on others.   The government thinks that they know what is best for the people. If everyone is an individuall, how can the government know what is best for everyone.   I feel that people shold make up thir own minds about what is best for them.   Joshua Haney worote an article on assisted suicide.   He says, "Everyday we make choices tha... ...rite,s "We all di.   Death is a part of life. Death is inevitable.   Why should each of us not have the right to choose when and how we did; and if we are in no position to do so, why shoulld those who know us best not be allowed to help? Why is it considered acceptable for sospital staff to indefinitely postpone death with machines and tubes and potent toxic pharmaceuticals, and not to help people go easily when their time has come?   Wher is the humanity in all this? (Kushner 3)          BIBLIOGRAPHY    Haney, Joshua, "RE: Assisted Suicide,"  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   www.yahoo.com 4/16/96    A. Wilkie Kushner, MB-Reprinted from Letters to the Editor, Gobe & Mail  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   www.yahoo.com    Hendin, Herbert, MD, Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia:   Oregon Tries the Dutch Way,  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Wellness Web, The Patient's Network, www.yahoo.com

Sun chief Essay -- essays research papers

Different cultures and religions have many different customs and rituals. In Islam it is common practice for women to be covered from head to toe. In Tibetan Buddhism it is common for devotees to practice asceticism. In Hopi culture and religious tradition food and sex play large and important roles, although in different situations the roles may be completely opposite. In Sun Chief particularly the chapter called â€Å"the Making of a Man† we can see that food is very important spiritually to the Hopi people. In the Wowochim ceremony each boy is given their manhood name over a â€Å"mother-corn ear† (159). In each of a dozen or more ceremonies we see that certain practices such as the sprinkling of corn (159, 160, 162, etc.), or the eating of unsalted foods as a form of fasting (158, 161, 165, etc.), is a major theme. This notion of giving foods back to the Gods, likely stems from the location of the Hopi nation in the desert region of the American southwest. Because food is scarce here, the Hopi people look upon it as the chief gift of the Gods, and therefore the offering of food back to the Gods makes sense. It also makes sense that in certain times of exceptional spiritual devotion, the giving up of food would be necessary to show an intense piety and strength. On the other hand, food is also seen by the Hopi as an important part of celebration. In order to prepare for the Wowochim ceremony the boys hunt and kill as many rabbits as they can get. These are then taken by their mo...

Moscow Communist Party

Boris Yeltsin proved to be an invincible leader. In the year 1985 he was made the first secretary to the Moscow Communist Party by President Mikhail Gorbachev. In the succeeding year he was elected to the Politburo. Subsequently, he was made the chairman of the Russian Supreme Soviet. In June 1991, he became the first elected president to Russia. His efforts at separating the Commonwealth of Independent States secured complete independence for Russia. Yeltsin faced several administrative setbacks and his economic and market reforms resulted in unrest and parliamentary disagreement.In November 1993 internal conflicts in parliament led to the seizure of the Russian Parliament Building. Subsequently, he emerged victorious and obtained greater presidential powers. Yeltsin faced serious health problems, he had to frequently shuffle cabinet members and he had to countenance the armed conflict in Chechnya. Nevertheless, he was re – elected in 1996 (Yeltsin, Boris (1931 – ). In Andromeda Encyclopedic Dictionary of World History). Boris Yeltsin strongly believed in the socialist ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union or the CPSU.The party’s ideals of economic progress and social equality had made him to join the CPSU in the year 1961. Gradually Yeltsin gained in importance in the party and became a member of the construction department of the party’s Sverdlovsk Oblast committee in the year 1968. His rise in this department was remarkable and by the year 1975 he became the secretary of the committee. In 1976 Boris Yeltsin was appointed the secretary of the Sverdlovsk Oblast committee by Leonid Brezhnev. This position enabled him to procure membership of the CPSU’s Central Committee in 1981.He became an important leader in the CPSU and openly criticized perestroika or the political reforms introduced by Gorbachev. Later on Yeltsin followed Gorbachev’s policies, in order to reduce strained relations with the Western na tions (Colton). President Yeltsin’s foreign minister was Andry Kozyrev favored a Western alliance. However, the Russian foreign policy did not change. Boris Yeltsin encountered his western counterparts on several occasions during international summits. He maintained friendly relations with US presidents George H. W.Bush and Bill Clinton. He solicited US backing in international platforms such as the International Monetary Fund. Yeltsin was friendly with the European economic giants. Accordingly he maintained cordial relations with Helmut Kohl the Chancellor of Germany and leaders of France and the United Kingdom (Colton). Yeltsin was disinterested in NATO’s plans and he reluctantly acceded to its proposals to admit former non – Soviet bloc countries. In the year 1999 the NATO waged a war against Yugoslavia. This measure resulted in strained relations with Russia.Subsequently, Yeltsin terminated all relations with NATO and this served to isolate Russia. However, Russia did not assist Yugoslavia to fight with NATO. Yugoslavia was compelled to agree to NATO’s proposals and had to accept foreign occupation of the Kosovo Province. Yeltsin ensured that Russia was included in the joint forces that occupied Kosovo. He made attempts to make an ally of China in Russia’s battle against the supremacy of NATO, further trade practices and mutual cooperation with China flourished in his era (Colton).The economic and market reforms implemented by Yeltsin were opposed by the parliament. In 1993 the free market reforms created internal conflicts and military intervention had to be resorted to, in order to control the situation. Yeltsin was successful in these military operations. During the period 1994 to 1996 the Chechnya crisis developed and Yeltsin’s response to it invited international criticism. Moreover, the parliament was dominated by communist members who opposed and disagreed with him.His power commenced to decline due to his i ll health and much of his authority was transferred to the parliament owing to the constitutional conflicts of 1998, which emerged due the serious financial crisis. Despite these setbacks, Yeltsin reclaimed his powers by dissolving the government four times in the period 1998 to 1999. In May 1999 the parliament made an abortive attempt to impeach him. Eventually, he submitted his resignation on the 31st of December 1999 and Vladimir Putin succeeded him (Yeltsin, Boris (1931 – ). In The Macmillan Encyclopedia).Boris Yeltsin had supported the Baltic States for independence. In order to achieve this he emphasized that there should be fundamental and radical reforms. Yeltsin relinquished his CPSU membership and contested in the presidential elections. He was elected president of the RSFSR or Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Yeltsin had always demanded autonomy for the member republics of the federal USSR. He also persuaded the Russian parliament to enact legislations to give the republic’s laws precedence over the laws of the Soviet parliament.The congress bestowed emergency powers upon Yeltsin, which permitted him to rule by decree. This made him a popular president. After the futile coup, in 1991, against President Gorbachev, Yeltsin condemned the acts of the usurpers and demanded his reinstatement (Yeltsin, Boris Nikolayevich (1931 – ). In The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia including Atlas). Yeltsin’s leadership capability was severely tested during the economic crisis and subsequent deterioration of conditions in Russia. In September 1993 a coup attempt was made against him by the leaders of parliament, which was defeated.The conservative political parties won the December elections and this unexpected victory forced Yeltsin to review his economic policies (Yeltsin, Boris Nikolayevich (1931 – ). In The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia including Atlas). Yeltsin was criticized for taking the military initiati ve in Chechnya. Although, a peace treaty was entered into with Chechnya in May 1997, the war did not stop. Yeltsin dissolved the entire cabinet in March 1998, which surprised both Russia and the Western nations. He also appointed the fuel and energy minister Sergei Kiriyenko to the post of the prime minister of Russia.The Kiriyenko led government faced a major economic crisis, because of the sudden devaluation of the ruble in 1998. In the month of August in the same year, Yeltsin dismissed both Kiriyenko and the government. Yeltsin tried to appoint Viktor Chernomyrdin as the prime minister, but the Duma, which was dominated by communist members, rejected Chernomyrdin’s candidature for prime minister. This compelled Yeltsin to nominate Yevgeni Primakov as the prime minister. Subsequently, in May 1999, Yeltsin dismissed Primakov and his government.Yeltsin took this decision following a debate, in the Duma, as to whether Primakov was to be allowed to continue or Sergei Stepashin was to be made the acting prime minister. He appointed Stepashin as the acting prime minister after impeaching Primakov. The Duma approved of Yeltsin’s actions and confirmed Stepashin as the prime minister. However, Yeltsin was criticized all over the world for his failure to resolve the crisis in Chechnya (Yeltsin, Boris Nikolayevich (1931 – ). In The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia including Atlas).Yeltsin tried to continue the process of reforms but the conservative members of parliament opposed his initiatives. In order to evaluate the public’s attitude towards him, a referendum was conducted in 1993 in which he received a significant number of the votes. This prompted him to propose a new Russian constitution (Hough). Incidents like the confrontation with the hard core conservatives, which resulted in the dissolution of parliament and an armed conflict in which the Moscow parliament building was shelled, rendered Yeltsin’s political position very powerful.However, there was growing opposition towards him and economic instability and the war in Chechnya made it very difficult for Yeltsin. He emerged victorious but his ill health prevented him from participating in active politics. Yeltsin used to take sudden decisions, which would cause a great deal of astonishment to everyone and a very telling instance is that of his resignation as president in the year 1999 (Yeltsin, Boris (Nikolayevich) (1 Feb 1931 –). In The Crystal Reference Encyclopedia).In March 1998, President Yeltsin dismissed the government which included two prominent leaders, namely the prime minister and pro free market activist, Viktor Chernomyrdin and Anatoly Chubais, the first deputy prime minister. This action surprised the West which tried to improve trade practices with Russia. The sudden sacking of the government created tremors in the West. At this juncture, Yeltsin issued a communique that Russia would continue with the process of reforming the economy. This resulted in widespread disapproval in Russia, because of the economic setbacks that had lasted for years.Consequently, Yeltsin attempted to pacify the West and to secure their confidence he appointed Sergei Kiriyenko as the acting prime minister, who was considered to be a committed reformist. The Duma accepted his candidature as acting prime minister in its third round of voting. Kiriyenko formed the youngest cabinet in Russia (Russian Federation. In The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia including Atlas). Boris Yeltsin brought about the dissolution of the USSR. Scholars acclaim the contributions of Yeltsin in establishing the post Soviet order in Russia.Historians have named four men as having wrought change in this context, namely, Nikita Krushchev, Leonid Brezhnev, Mikhail Gorbachev and Boris Yeltsin. These four men constitute the four pillars of modern decentralized Russian politics. Krushchev attempted to reform the age old centralized political system, Brezhnev tried to consolidate and then adopt it, Gorbachev endeavored to transform it into a social democracy and Yeltsin attempted to destroy the whole system and replace it with a new system (Brown). Works Cited Brown, Archie.Gorbachev, Yeltsin, and Putin: Political Leadership in Russia's Transition. ISBN 0870031864: Carnegie Endowment, 2001, p45. Colton, Timothy J. â€Å"Boris Yeltsin . † Microsoft ® Student 2008 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2007, 2007. Hough, Jerry F. Democratization and revolution in the USSR, 1985-1991 . ISBN 0815737483, p405: Brookings Institution Press, 1997. Russian Federation. In The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia including Atlas. 2005. 7 November 2007 . Yeltsin, Boris (1931 – ).In Andromeda Encyclopedic Dictionary of World History. 2001. 7 November 2007 . Yeltsin, Boris (1931 – ). In The Macmillan Encyclopedia. 2003. 7 November 2007 . Yeltsin, Boris (Nikolayevich) (1 Feb 1931 –). In The Crystal Reference Encyclopedia . 2005. 7 November 2007 . Yeltsin, Boris Nikolayevich (1931 – ). In The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia including Atlas. 2005. 7 November 2007 .