A summary of criminological theories

A summary of criminological theoriesCriminology MatrixDemographic InformationSocial disorganization hypothesisBeginning on the twentieth Century 1920-1930s. Created by theorists Robert Park, Ernest Burgess, W.I. Thomas, Florian Znaniecki, Clifford Shaw, and Henry McKay. Social disorganization shows social change, conflict, and the lack of social consensus as the root causes of crime and deviance. Social disorganization, lolly school of criminology, stops Area Project, demographics, concentric z matchlesss, delinquency aras, and cultural transmission (Schmalleger, 2008).Strain TheoryBegan on the 20th century 1930s to present. Created by Robert K. Merton, Steven F. Messner, Richard Rosenfeld, Peter Blau, Judith Blau, and Robert Agnew. The excogitation of render system is innovation, ritualism, rebellion, differential opportunity, relative deprivation, and distributive justice. Strain theory agues that a socially approved success of goals and a lack of appropriate ways to strive those goals. As a consequence, according to the perspective of strain theory, individuals who are unable to succeed often turn to new(prenominal) ways that promise social light and success (Schmalleger, 2008).Culture difference of opinionCulture conflict began on the 1920s to present. Created by theorists Thorsten Sellin, Frederic M. Thrasher, William F. Whyte, Walter Miller, Gresham Sykes, David Matza, Franco Ferracuti, Marvin Wolfgang, Richard A. Cloward, Lloyd E. Ohlin, and Albert Cohen. The concept of culture conflict is subcultures, socialization, delinquency and, illegal opportunities (Schmalleger, 2008). larn TheoryLearning theory began in 1930s and to the present. Created by Edwin Sutherland, Robert Burgess, Ronald L. Akers, and Daniel Glaser. Actions are learned, and crime is like an another(prenominal) action that is also learned. community tend to learn how to pass on crime from others, and such learning comes from the achievements of norms, values, and mannequins o f sorts that are conductive to crime. The standpoint of the theorys concept is that communication and social achievement of learned criminal fashion that values that behavior is detrimental (Schmalleger, 2008).Social Control TheorySocial concur theory began on the 1950s to present. Created by Walter C. Reckless, Howard B. Kaplan, Travis Hirschi, Michael Gottfredson, Charles R. Tittle, and others. The concept of social control theory is the inner and outer takeover, of self-derogation, social bond, and control balanced. Social control theory predicts that when a social restriction or antisocial behavior are weakened delinquent behavior begins. This theory questions law abiding citizens rather than criminals (Schmalleger, 2008).Labeling TheoryLabeling theory began on 1938-1970, 1960s-1980, 1990s to revival. Created by Frank Tannenbaum, Edwin M. Lemert, Howard Becker, John Braithwaite, and others. The concept of labeling theory begins with tagging, labeling, outsiders, moral initiat ive, primary and secondary deviance, and shaming. Labeling theory is the concept that negative labels within a society lead individuals to commit crime (Schmalleger, 2008).Rational woof TheoryRational choice theory began in the late 18th century. Created by Cesare Beccaria. The concept of rational choice theory is that criminals make a rational, and certified choice to commit a crime. This makes criminals making the decision, based on, if the crime is worth committing based on the benefits that outweigh the cost or punishment.The XYY SupermaleThe XYY theory began in 1965. Created by Patricia A. Jacobs. Patricia Jacobs examined 197 Scottish prisoners for chromosomal abnormalities with a simple blood test. The supermale, also known as XYY syndrome has little evidence that men with this syndrome commit crimes of greater violence than other man. However, they may commit to a greater extent crimes (Schmalleger, 2008).Behavior GeneticsBehavior genetics theory began in 1907. Created by S ir Francis Galton. Sir Francis study heredity and the possible work outs on piece behavior. According to the theory it is easy to show that some criminals inherit criminal nature. Behavioral genetics is the study of genes and the environmental contributions to individual deviation in homosexual race behavior Galton might live with believe that heredity was related to criminal behavior however, he had no opportunity to explore the relationship in discernment (Schmalleger, 2008).SociobiologySociobiology began in 1975. Created by Edward O. Wilson. It is the study of biology and its impact on social behavior taking some of its research from evolution and applying it to modern population (Schmalleger, 2008). received forms of behavior contribute to the survival of a social group. Human behavior was the link of survival from one generation to another one. Territoriality explains the conflict mingled with humans, this includes homicide, warfare, and other types of aggression.Pheren ologyPherenology began in early 19th century. Created by Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828). This theory explained that the shape of the human skull was an indicative of the personality and could be utilize to predict criminality. The theory has quaternity tenets the brain, personality, character, and skull shape (Schmalleger, 2008). earlier PositivismEarly positivism began in 1880s 1930. Created by Franz Joseph Gall, Johann Gaspar Spurzheim, Cesare Lombroso, Charkes Buckman Goring, and Earnest A. Hooton. The concept of early positivism is the phrenology, atavism, born criminals, and criminaloids. Criminality was the forget of instincts that humans used to survive the evolutionary process. Lombroso has been called the father of criminology because he was the first criminologist to apply the scientific method.Empirical FoundationSocial Disorganization Theory quaternion distinct conclusions essenceed from Shaw and McKays research. The juveniles rates were consistent with an order thre e-dimensional pattern. There was an identical three-dimensional pattern revealed by several social problems. The three-dimensional pattern of juvenile rates showed long-term stability even though the structure in the city areas had changed. The city areas were becoming more delinquent this occurred through a network or interpersonal relation with family, gangs, and neighbors (Shaw, 1969).Strain TheoryMerton said that all people have high economic ambitions and that social classes are plug into to crime. Merton said that when individuals had high goals with income and education coupled with low chances of achieving the goals is strain theory (Liska, 1971). Studies with educational goals as measurements were unconvincing and suggested that income was a better component to use. Different studies used goals over expectation and reported any criminal connection which found hardly any support for Mertons theory (Epps, 1967).Culture ConflictThorsten Sellin notice that in a society were two cultures inevitably clash and it occurs because of the development of a combined culture. One of the outcomes of culture conflict is criminal behavior. This leads to the creation of criminals delineate the surrounding everyday behavior of the individual. Sellin indicated that a diversified and more assorted society the bigger it gets and the more conflict occurs creating an increase in deviance (Claasical Criminology, 2002).Learning TheorySutherlands Learning Theory was based on observation. The studies bring to an endd that criminal behavior is learned. Not only it is learned but criminal behavior is learned within intimate groups. It also shows that differential associations vary in frequency, duration priority, and intensity (Boundless, 2014).Social Control TheoryWalter C. Reckless, observes that social pressure to quest after community ideals, usually imposed by social isolation, was sufficient to control behavior. As society becomes complex, authority played a significan t role in deciding whether people followed public laws. The research has found that economic class has little to do with predicting delinquent behavior, and that young people who do not connect or have attachment to parents or school are more likely to become juveniles (Criminology, n.d.).Labeling TheoryIn 2003, Jon Gunnar Bernburg and Marvin D. Krohn studied the impact of negative positive intervention on young men in Rochester, New York. Data available was on men from the time they were 13.5 years old until they were 22. In guardianship with what labeling theory would predict, Bemburg and Krohn found that intervention during adolescence led to increased delinquency in early adulthood because it reduced chances for achievement and successful employment. Negative labels come with cutting liabilities, as well as the consequence that the person starts to believe the label that has been given to him. (Schmalleger, 2008).Rational Choice TheoryThe research involving rational choice ca nnot be measured with regular crime statistics. It can only be applied through individual research because the theory is too specific to individuals (Schmalleger, 2008).XYY TheoryBritished researcher examined 197 Scottish prisoners for deviations from regular chromosomes through a simple blood test known as karyotyping 12 members displayed a deviation of chromosomes that were unusual, and seven were found to have an XYY chromosome (Schmalleger, 2008).Behavior GeneticsTwin researchers assumed that individuals choose partners that have an opposing personality. Equal environments, twin research also assumed that twins raised in similar environment share similar experiences. Genetic traits can be inherited through different genetic mechanisms involving a gene inherited from one parent and different gene from the other parents (Winerman, 2004).SociobiologyEdward O. Wilson research sociobiology by examining the genetic and how through affected human behavior and applied them through crim inology theory. Research on what genetics are passed on and how they affect human behavior.Theoretical ComponentsSocial DisorganizationSocial disorganization theory comes from Chicago school of sociology. Social Disorganization is caused when a community does not solve the problems of its people which results in the breakdown of institutions within that community (Short, 1976). The theory states that delinquent behavior was not a result of the individual but it was a normal response of people adapting to less than favorable social conditions (Short, 1976).Strain TheoryMerton came up with a sociological theory that explained how deviant behavior illustrated the conflicts between culturally defined goals and the official way of getting them (Boundless, 2015).Culture ConflictSuggest that human behavior is social, that results from conflicts between competing groups. Conflict theory originated with work of Karl Marx. Marx understood that human society in terms of conflict between social classes, markedly the conflict in capitalist societies between those who owed the nub of economic production and those who didnt. (Chegg, 2015). This is a sociological theory.Learning TheorySocial learning theory, looks at the individual learning process, the formation of self and the influence of society in socializing. Learning theory is the formation of ones identity to become responsive to a learned response to social stimulation. People engage in crime because of the association with others that also engage in crime. Criminal behavior is learned beliefs that are favorable to crime (Crossman, 2015). This is a sociological theory.Control TheoryControl theorists generally argue that there are no problems to explain why people who commit crime because all human beings suffer from human weaknesses which makes it impossible to resist temptation. This is a sociological theory.Labeling TheoryWhen someone has been labelled as a criminal or deviant, the label connect becomes the indiv idual. Each label carries prejudices and images and this leads to others interpreting the behavior of the labeled person in a particular way. While the behavior would be seen as stereotypical to some, others would conclude that it is a self-fulfilling prophecy resulting from being labelled (History Learning, 2000-2015). This is a sociological Theory.Rational ChoiceThis theory sees man as a reasoning actor that weights means and ends, costs and benefits, and makes a rational choices. Including the choice to engage in criminal activity, criminal activity is based on determined decisions that the potential benefits outweighs the risks taken by the individual. This is a psychological theory.XYY supermaleXYY males are more likely to engage in criminal behavior but not violent behavior. XYY men were convicted of crimes are more likely to be guilty of property offenses and less likely than convicted XY men. XYY males were born criminals, XYY males according to the theory were more likely t o commit violent crimes. This is a biological TheoryBehavior GeneticsBehavior genetics is the field in which a difference among individuals is separated into genetic against environmental. Environmental influences can be separate into two classes, shared and nonshared environments. Shared is the environment that is mutual by siblings such as socioeconomic statues and parental education, and nonshare is the environment that is unique to a person/individual. (SAPA, 1998).Early positivism.Early Positivism is a social and psychological theory that commits to practical application. It claims that determining criminal behavior and its cause comes from the physical, genetic, and psychological makeup that makes people predisposed to behave criminally (Marshall, 2015).ReferencesBoundless. (2014, November 14). Differential Association. Retrieved from Boundless Sociology https//www.boundless.com/sociology/textbooks/boundless-sociology-textbook/deviance-social-control-and-crime-7/the-symbolic -interactionalist-perspective-on-deviance-64/differential-association-theory-381-8939Boundless. (2015). Strain Theory. Retrieved from Boundless https//www.boundless.com/sociology/textbooks/boundless-sociology-textbook/deviance-social-control-and-crime-7/the-functionalist-perspective-on-deviance-62/strain-theory-how-social-values-produce-deviance-375-6183/Chegg. (2015). Denition of Conflict. Retrieved from Chegg http//www.chegg.com/homework-help/definitions/conflict-theory-49Claasical Criminology. (2002, Novemeber 18). Thorsten Sellin. Retrieved from Culture Conflict Theory http//www.people.okanagan.bc.ca/wvdveen/WILMA WEBPAGE/classical_crim_theory/sellin.htmCriminology. (n.d.). Control Theory. Retrieved from Sociology Criminology https//sociologycriminology.wordpress.com/control-theory/Crossman, A. (2015). Learning Theory. Retrieved from About education http//sociology.about.com/od/Sociological-Theory/a/Social-Learning-Theory.htmHistory Learning. (2000-2015). Labelling Theory. Retri eved from history Learning Site http//www.historylearningsite.co.uk/labelling_theory.htmLiska, A. (1971). Aspirations and Expectations. Sociological Quarterly, 12 99-107.Marshall, G. (2015, April 28). Criminology, Positivist. Retrieved from A Dictionary of Sociology http//www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O88-criminologypositivist.htmlSAPA. (1998, May). Bahvior Genetics. Retrieved from Personality Research http//www.personalityresearch.org/bg.htmlSchmalleger. (2008). Criminology Today Fifth Edition. Columbus, Ohio Frank Schmalleger.Short, J. F. (1976). Delinquency, Crime, and Soceity. Chicago. University of Chicago Press.Winerman, L. (2004, April). A second Look at Twin Studies. Retrieved from American Psychological Association http//www.apa.org/monitor/apr04/second.aspx